Kepler s Laws Of Planetary Motion - 1017 Words

Kepler’s Laws Johannes Kepler formulated the Three Laws of Planetary Motion. The first is the Law of Orbits, stating that all planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus. The second law is the Law of Areas. This is the idea that a line that connects the planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in the plane of the planet’s orbit in equal time intervals. Last is the Law of Periods which states that the square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semi major axis of its orbit. It is simple to just accept the laws and memorize them, but take it a step further. What are the explanations to these laws and how did Kepler come to those conclusions? The results that Kepler published actually began with Tycho Brahe. Brahe was interested in reforming astronomy, and wanted to prove his idea that planets circle the sun which then move around the stationary earth. He made several observations with advanced instruments that still to thi s day have been proven by calculations done with modern computers to be quite accurate. All of Brahe’s observations were very useful and interesting to Kepler who became Brahe’s assistant in 1600. Some propose that Brahe only continued making observations because he was unsure of what to do with them or how to apply them, so it was left up to assistants such as Johannes Kepler to put the information to use (J.V. Field). Kepler had been engaging in finding an orbit of Mars, and Brahe’s observationsShow MoreRelatedKepler s Laws Of Planetary Motion2539 Words   |  11 PagesKepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician and astronomer. Best known for his laws of planetary motion, Kepler was a key figure in the scientific revolution in the 17th century. His laws illustrate the fundamental properties of the orbits of the planets and were also a precursor to the formulation of Newton’s law of gravitation. Biography: Kepler was introduced to astronomy in his early years and developed a passion for it, which would span his entire life. AtRead MoreThe Genius Of Sir Isaac Newton1687 Words   |  7 Pagesthe universe in the 1600’s because of his law of universal gravitation, his laws of motion, and other discoveries and inventions. Isaac Newton s law of universal gravitation and planetary motion shed light on the clockwork of the universe. Newton’s discoveries about gravity all began while he was sitting under an apple tree. one of the apples fell from the tree making him begin to think about what caused the change in acceleration and velocity in the apple. Newton’s law of universal gravitationRead More Keplers Laws and Planetary Movement Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesturn of the 1600s, the way in which the solar system and the universe as a whole was viewed began to change. With the controversial conclusions of Copernicus, scientists already began to adopt the idea of a heliocentric solar system. Further advancements in astronomy came about through the research of Tycho Brahe and his assistant Johannes Kepler. The three planetary laws developed by Kepler with the data gathered by Brahe shaped the way in which science viewed the structure and motion of the planetsRead MoreEssay on The Scientific Revolution1263 Words   |  6 Pagesunknown realm of science and experimentation. Four of the many brilliant founders of the Scientific Revolution; Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Brahe, used previous scientific principles and their own genius to make advances in science that are still being used today. Scientific pamphlets, the telescope, observations of the universe and the creation of laws for planetary motion are some of the major advances that came out of the revolution and that were found by the scientists of its time. Nicholas CoperincusRead MoreJohannes Kepler, The Father Of Modern Astronomy1575 Words   |  7 PagesJohannes Kepler, the â€Å"Father of Modern Astronomy†, had an enormous impact on different aspects of science and mathematics such as geometry, physics, optics, crystallography and philosophy, eventually paving the way for more like-minded thinkers. His mathematical proofs supporting the heliocentric model of the universe was essential to progressing the scientific revolution. He reflected the Renaissance ideals of education, secularism, and observation while bridging medieval astronomy with modern scienceRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution Was Not An Organized Effort1276 Words   |  6 PagesNicolaus Copernicus was an understudy of past onlookers and a theoretician. He contemplated the watched movements of grand bodies in connection to the acknowledged geocentric Aristotelian framework, which put the earth at the focal point of the nearby planetary group, with the sun and pl anets in circle. Copernicus perceptions drove him to infer that there was some kind of problem with the geocentric hypothesis. He tried the speculation that the earth was truth be told in circle around the sun againstRead MoreJohannes Kepler s A Perfect World985 Words   |  4 Pages Johannes Kepler was a modern individual and he believed that God would have created a perfect world and in that world everything was geometrically perfect. In Banville’s book about Kepler it says, â€Å"The search for knowledge everywhere encounters geometrical relations in nature, which God, in creating the world, laid out (Banville 1981, p.145).† As he pursued the answer to planetary motion, he assumed that the planets orbited the sun in a perfect circle. He tried to seek order in his chaotic lifeRead MoreThe Copernican Revolution and Its Importance According to Thomas S. Kuhn892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Copernican Revolution Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought b y Thomas S. Kuhn, is a book that illustrates the importance between man and the natural world from antiquity to the current date. Thomas Kuhn vividly shows us that the Copernican revolution was not only a revolution of scientific theory, but of religious, and conceptual thought as well. Kuhn states in the opening lines of his book that The Copernican Revolution was a revolution of ideas, a transformation in mansRead MorePreliminary Physics Assessment Task 1 Christos Toras â€Æ' MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE -1200 Words   |  5 PagesCopernicus, Tycho Brahe, Kepler, Galileo and Newton. Aristotle’s model of the universe was a geocentric universe. This meant that the Earth was at the centre of the universe and that all stars were on a celestial sphere. A celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere which acts as a dome around the Earth from which you can see the stars and the universe. Although Aristotle’s model was good for its time it could not explain retrograde motion of the planets. Retrograde motion is Ptolemy’s model of theRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church Responded Treatment1645 Words   |  7 Pagesan Italian astronomer and philosopher, the Medici family was a patron of his work. Galilei viewed the physical universe as a â€Å"Book of Nature...written in mathematical characters.† Galilei also improved the telescope, this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon. Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe based on observations, Galileo’s discussion of the his ideas regarding helio-centrism. Galileo’s views were challenged by the Church

Analyzing a Sociological Issue - 1345 Words

Modernization of indigenous culture is nothing uncommon and happens on a daily basis. Time is the only variation between subjects. Depending on many factors, a culture can be transformed over a long period of time or just overnight. The modernization of North America and Western Europe occurred during the 18th and 19th centuries and has since spread to many Eastern European and Asian countries (Macionis, 2011). Modernization is a combination of sorts, including industrialization and urbanization and is defined as the transformation of a society or culture from a rural and agrarian condition to a secular, urban, and industrial one (Macionis, 2011). Modernization is not necessarily modern in the general sense or a revolutionary view; it is†¦show more content†¦While the United States is currently going through massive changes concerning this usage (i.e. solar power and nuclear power), the industry still has quite a ways to go (Glendinning, 2010). According to â€Å"Institute For Energy Research, â€Å"Between 2011 and 2040, natural gas consumption is expected to increase by 21 percent and coal consumption by 7 percent. The EIA foresees fossil fuels maintaining their status as America’s leading source of energy consumption between now and 2040, supplying 78 percent of our nation’s energy needs in 2040. These numbers are forcing more allocation of resources and focused energy to be put into the right areas. With that in mind, we could see massive improvements in the energy side of things. Even though we use far more energy and as a direct result produce more pollutants, it should also be noted that we live a far more comfortable life style than many indigenous societies. Thus a direct result of this is that modern society has a better prospect concerning longevity. Many modernized societies have seen fit to extend the lives of all its citizens regardless of ability through socialized or universal health care, whereas in many indigenous cultures, one will see higher rates of death. This is especially true for infants, not to say that it is deliberate, but they can simply not be given the same amountShow MoreRelatedSociology : An American Sociologist C. Wright Mills1204 Words   |  5 Pagesin the sociological world. Sociology also helps us to recognize our position in the society by our â€Å"sociological imagination.† An American sociologist C. Wright Mills created the term sociological imagination to know our interdependent relationship between who we are as individual and the influences around us that shape our lives. By imagining how our actions might look to another person, we can have a better understanding on ourselves and our social worlds. Mills argued that the sociological imaginationRead MoreI Am Applying Intersectionality And The Sociological Imagination1080 Words   |  5 PagesI am applying intersectionality and the sociological imagination to my intersecting identities: class, gender, and ethnicity. By employing intersectionality and the sociological imagination, I am analyzing how my positionality affected my personal experiences while connecting those events with society. I also included five peer-reviewed articles as supporting evidence. Kimberlà © Williams Crenshaw is an African American scholar, civil rights advocate, and law professor who developed the term intersectionalityRead MoreSociological Imagination1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of â€Å"sociological imagination† is one that can be explained many different ways. A simple way to think of the sociological imagination is to see it as a way a person thinks, where they know that what they do from day to day in their private lives (like the choices they make), are sometimes influenced by the larger environment in which they live (Mills 1959, 1). What C.W. Mills meant by this concept is that it is the ability to â€Å"understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaningRead MoreSoc/100 - Applying Sociological Perspectives1063 Words   |  5 Pages Applying Sociological Perspectives Stephanie Ann Tombline SOC/100 May 30, 2016 Jennifer Hudgins Applying Sociological Perspectives Social networking sites - such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and, Pinterest, just to name a few - provide individuals with an online web of global networking that allows maintaining social ties with one another. Sociologists often ponder, How do these social websites impact society? Above all, this is the question that is the central focus shared byRead MoreThe Medias Impossible Value Of Body Image1332 Words   |  6 Pagesbody image. In this paper, I will be analyzing the value of body image to gain an understanding of how our own personal experiences relate to the larger society. Sociological Imagination First and foremost, sociological imagination is a term coined by C. Wright Mills which is the knowledge of the relationship between our own experience and the greater society. Essentially, in order to understand our own personal troubles, we must relate it to society. Sociological imagination can be understood withRead MoreResponse Paper : The Promise1008 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"sociologically right.† The sociological imagination was coined by C. Write Mills. His theory of sociological imagination is that we need to look at things in the big picture. Mills had grown concerned with sociological research. Mills felt that the researchers had gone away from theoretical understanding of society. Mills’s concept was that in order to get a full understanding on an individual we have to use our imaginations and think outside the box. He felt that sociological research need researchersRead MoreA Brief Note On Sociology And Sociology Class1524 Words   |  7 Pagesyou want to pursue could be very beneficial, also it helps you to find solutions to problems.† All my respondents including the 54 year old, agreed on that by studying sociology, it gives you a better understanding on the world around you. After analyzing my results, I found that my respondents had a basic understanding of sociology. The 19 year old had a better understanding of what sociology is, because she is in college and that will be her minor. The only part that majority of my respondents (4/5)Read MoreSociological Perspectives On Social Networking Sites916 Words   |  4 Pages Applying Sociological Perspectives Social networking sites - such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and, Pinterest, just to name a few - provide individuals with an online web of global networking that allows maintaining social ties with one another. Sociologists often ponder, How do these social websites impact society? Above all, this is the question that is the central focus shared by all three of the primary sociological perspectives (Structural FunctionalismRead MoreWhat Makes Critical Social Work?817 Words   |  4 Pagesand in defining social work, one must also define critical thinking, and critical consciousness. This paper will attempt to define such concepts and ideologies and it will address and include themes of the intersectionality of social work and the Sociological Imagination, social structure and institutions. 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Bite Me A Love Story Chapter 3 Free Essays

string(65) " with a spray of doggie slobber across the Emperor’s palm\." 3. The Samurai of Jackson Street TOMMY When he first arrived in San Francisco, Tommy Flood had shared a closet-size room with five Chinese men named Wong, all of whom had wanted to marry him. â€Å"It’s horrible-like being packed into a take-out box of Kung Pao chicken,† Tommy had said, and although it wasn’t like that at all, and Tommy was just trying to use colorful language which he felt was his duty as a writer, it was very crowded and smelled strongly of garlic and sweaty Chinese guys. We will write a custom essay sample on Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I think they want to pack my fudge,† Tommy had said. â€Å"I’m from Indiana, we don’t go for that kind of stuff.† As it turned out, the Chinese guys didn’t go for that kind of stuff either, but were, in fact, very much interested in getting green cards. Fortunately, only a week later, in the parking lot of the Marina Safeway where he worked nights, Tommy met a gorgeous redhead named Jody Stroud, who rescued him from his confinement with the Chinese guys, by giving him her love, a nice loft apartment, and immortality. Unfortunately, little more than a month after that, their minion, Abby, had them bronzed while they slept, and Tommy awoke one night to find that despite his great vampire strength, he couldn’t move a muscle. â€Å"I’d rather be trapped in a take-out box of Kung Pao chicken,† Tommy would have said if he could have said anything, which he couldn’t. Meanwhile, right next to him, sharing the same bronze shell, his beloved Jody drifted in a dream-state, a side effect of being able to turn herself to mist, a trick she had learned from Elijah Ben Sapir, her vampire sire. Between the dead sleep of daylight, and the floating in a dream-world, she could endure decades inside the statue. Tommy, however, had never learned how to turn to mist. There had never been time to teach him. So come sundown, his vampire senses came on like neon, and he experienced every second of his confinement with an electric intensity that nearly had him vibrating in his shell-an alpha predator pacing the cage of his mind and shredding his reason. Of course, he did the only thing he could do: he went barking at the moon mad. CHET He’d have to lick about a mile of kitty-butt to get the taste of meter maid out of his mouth, but Chet was up for it. He raked a couple of hind-leg kicks through the dust that was the meter maid’s remains, and headed across the street and into the alley, where he curled up in the dark and set about blunting the human taste. It was only a little over a month since the old vampire had turned Chet, but already he was losing all sense of his former self. Time was, that he spent his days on Market Street, napping next to William, the homeless man who made his living with a paper cup and a sign that said, I AM HOMELESS AND MY CAT IS HUGE. Chet was indeed very large, and while much of his volume had been fur, he had achieved a weight of thirty-five pounds on a diet of semi-used hamburgers and French fries donated by passersby outside of McDonald’s. Now Chet hunted the night, taking down nearly any warm-blooded creature he encountered: rats, birds, squirrels, cats, dogs, and even the occasional human. At first it had only been drunks and other homeless, and the first time he had drained one, his old friend William, who turned to dust in front of him, Chet yowled, ran, and hid under a Dumpster for the rest of the night and all of the next day. There was no regret, simply hunger and elation of the blood rush. It was beyond the satisfaction of the kill, it was positively sexual, something Chet had never known as a normal cat, as he’d been neutered by the animal shelter when still a kitten. But along with speed, strength, and senses far more sensitive than even a human-based vampire, Chet, like his human counterparts, found that he was physically restored to perfection. In other words, his junk was working. He found that soon after the kill he desperately needed to hump something, and the more squirmy and wailing, the better. Above the smells of bus fumes, cooking food, and urine-bathed curbs that pervaded the City, he caught the scent of a female in heat. She might be a mile away, but given his newly heightened senses, he’d find her. A wave of excitement undulated under the fur of his spine, fur that had mostly grown back since the humans had shaved him, mated in front of him, and drank his blood, which served to traumatize his little kitty consciousness before he was turned vampire, and motivated a whole new feeling he’d grown into as a vampire cat: vengeance. For since his metamorphosis, it wasn’t just his senses that had expanded. His brain, which before had run a loop of â€Å"eat-nap-crap, repeat,† was now growing into a whole new awareness, getting bigger, even as Chet grew. He was a good sixty pounds now, and roughly as smart as a dog, where before he’d only been a little brighter than a brick. Dog. The hated. There was dog on the air. Coming closer. He could smell it-them-two of them. And now he could hear them. He arose from his butt bath and screeched like an electrified lynx. In response, the neighborhood echoed with a chorus of yowls from a dozen other vampire cats. THE EMPEROR â€Å"Steady, fellows,† said the Emperor. He laid his hand across the neck of the golden retriever and scratched under the chin of the Boston terrier, who squirmed in the great pocket of the Emperor’s overcoat, looking like a frantic, black-and-white, bug-eyed kangaroo mutant. â€Å"Cat! Cat! Cat! Cat! Cat!† barked Bummer, with a spray of doggie slobber across the Emperor’s palm. You read "Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 3" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Cat! Murder, pain, fire, evil, cat! Can’t you smell them? Everywhere! Must chase, chase, chase, bite, bite, bite, let me go you insane, oblivious old man, I’m trying to save you, for the love of God, CAT! CAT! CAT!† Unfortunately, Bummer only spoke dog, and while the Emperor could tell that the Boston terrier was upset, he had no idea why. (Anyone who translates dog knows that only about a third of what Bummer said actually meant anything. The rest was just noise he needed to make. Human speech is about the same.) Lazarus, the golden retriever, having battled vampires on and off for the last two months, and being steady by nature, was much calmer about the whole thing, but despite Bummer’s tendency to overreact, he had to admit, the smell of cat was tall in the air, and what was more disturbing, it wasn’t just cat, it was dead cat. Dead cat walking. Wait, what was that? Not cat-cats. Oh, this was not good. â€Å"He’s right about the cat,† Lazarus ruffed, nudging the Emperor’s leg. â€Å"We should get out of this neighborhood, maybe go over to North Beach and see if anyone dropped a beef jerky or something. I could sure use a beef jerky. Or we can stay and die. Whatever. I’m good with it.† â€Å"Easy, men,† said the Emperor, alert now that something was amiss. He knelt down, his knees creaking like rusted hinges, and as he looked around, kneaded the spot between Bummer’s ears as if he were readying to make doggy-brain biscuits. He was a great, woolly, thunderstorm of a man-broad shouldered and gray bearded, fine witted and fiercely loyal to the people of his city. He had lived on the streets of San Francisco as long as anyone could remember, and while tourists saw him as a raggedy, homeless wretch, the locals viewed him as a fixture, a rolling landmark, a spirit, and a conscience, and for the most part, treated him with the deference they might pay royalty, despite the fact that he was a raving loon. The street was deserted, but a half a block away the Emperor saw the three-wheeled cart of an S.F.P.D. parking enforcement officer, stopped behind an illegally parked Audi. The cart’s rotating yellow caution lights chased themselves around the surrounding buildings like drunken, jaundiced Tinkerbells, but there was no officer in sight. â€Å"Strange. It’s long past time when a meter maid should be working. Perhaps we should investigate, gents.† But before he could stand, Bummer leapt out of the Emperor’s pocket and made a beeline for the cart, trumpeting himself into the charge with a staccato barking fit. Lazarus took off after the black-and-white fur-rocket, and the old man ambled along behind, as fast as his great, arthritic legs would carry him. They found Bummer on the far side of the Audi, snorting and snuffling inside an empty police uniform, and covered with a fine gray powder. The Emperor’s eyes went wide. He backed across the sidewalk and stood against the fire door of one of the industrial lofts that lined the street. He had seen this before. He knew the signs. But when he had seen the old vampire and his companions board an enormous yacht in the Bay over a month ago, he thought his city rid of the bloodsucking fiends. What now? There was a crackling static noise from the police cart: a radio. Call it in. Alert his people to the danger. He rolled to the cart, fumbled with the door catch, and reached for the microphone. â€Å"Hello,† he said into the microphone. â€Å"This is the Emperor of San Francisco, Emperor of San Francisco, protector of Alcatraz, Sausalito, and Treasure Island, and I’d like to report a vampire.† The radio continued to crackle and distant voices ghosted through the ether, uninterrupted. Lazarus padded to the old man’s side and barked furiously, â€Å"You have to push the button. You have to push the button.† Unfortunately, while the noble retriever understood English, he only spoke dog, and the Emperor did not get the instruction. â€Å"Button! Button! Button! Button!† Bummer barked, springing up and down in front of the police cart. He scurried around to the door and jumped in on the Emperor’s lap to show him. â€Å"Yeah, that helps,† growled Lazarus sarcastically. Golden retrievers are not a very sarcastic breed, and he felt a little ashamed and, well, catlike, using that tone of voice. â€Å"Okay. Button! Button! Button! Uh-oh.† â€Å"Button! Button! Button! Uh-oh, what?† barked Bummer. A short ruff from the retriever: â€Å"Cat.† Lazarus boiled out a low growl and laid his ears back against his head. The Emperor saw two of them: cats, coming down the sidewalk toward them. But they didn’t look quite natural. The light from the police cart was reflecting back from the cats’ eyes like red coals. A screech, there were two more coming across the street. Lazarus turned to face them, snarling now. A chorus of hisses from behind. The Emperor looked in the rearview mirror to see three more cats stalking from behind. â€Å"Quick, Lazarus, in the cart. Up, boy, in the cart.† Lazarus was spinning now, trying to watch all of the cats at once, warning them off with bared teeth and bristled hair. But the cats came on, baring their own teeth. â€Å"Come now,† said the Emperor into the microphone. Something landed hard on the roof of the cart and Bummer yelped. Another thump and the Emperor looked back to see a large cat in the bed of the cart, coming up on two legs and trying to claw around the back window. The old man pulled the door shut. â€Å"Run, Lazarus, run!† Lazarus caught the first cat in his jaws and was shaking it furiously when the rest fell upon him. STEVE â€Å"There’s nefarious shit afoot, Foo,† said Abby. â€Å"Bring portable sun and fry these nosferatu kitties before they nom everyone in the ‘hood.† Steven â€Å"Foo Dog† Wong had no idea what his girlfriend, Abby, was talking about, and it wasn’t the first time. In fact, much of the time he had no idea what she was talking about, but he had learned if he was patient, and listened, and more important, agreed with her, she would mercilessly sex him up, which he liked quite a bit, and occasionally he got the message. He used the same strategy with his maternal grandmother (without the sexing-up part), who spoke an obscure, country dialect of Cantonese, that sounded to the uninitiated like someone beating a chicken to death with a banjo. Just wait, and all would become clear. This time, however, Abby, whose tone ran from tragically romantic to passionately dismissive, was sounding much more urgent, and the patience gambit wasn’t going to work. Her voice in his Bluetooth headset was like having a malevolent fairy bite his ear. â€Å"I’m in the middle of something, Abby. I’ll be home as soon as I finish up here.† â€Å"Now, Foo. There’s a herd, or flock, or a-what do you call a bunch of kitties?† â€Å"A box?† Foo offered. â€Å"Fucktard!† â€Å"A fucktard of kitties? Okay, sure, that could be it. A pride of lions, a murder of crows†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No. You fucktard! There’s a bunch of vampire kitties about to eat that crazy Emperor guy and his dogs right outside on the street. You need to come save them.† â€Å"A bunch?† Steve was having a hard time getting his head around the idea. He’d only recently gotten his head around the idea of one vampire cat, but a bunch, well, that was more. He was just a couple of months away from having his master’s in biochem at age twenty-one-he wasn’t a fucktard. â€Å"Define a bunch,† he said. â€Å"Many. I can’t count them because they’re stalking the golden retriever.† â€Å"And how do you know they’re vampire kitties?† â€Å"Oh, because I drew blood samples from them, ran it in that centrifuge thingy of yours, prepared some slides, and looked at the blood cell structure under a microscope, duh?† â€Å"No, really,† he said. She was flunking high school biology, there’s no way she prepared blood slides. And besides- â€Å"Of course not, you douche nozzle, I know they’re vampires because they’re stalking a golden retriever and a homeless fuck who’s hiding in the vaporized meter maid’s cart. That’s not standard kitty behavior.† â€Å"Vaporized meter maid?† â€Å"The one Chet ate-sucked her to dust. Come now, Foo, turn your sunbeam full-on and get your luscious ninja ass over here.† Steve had rigged the hatchback of his tricked-out Honda Civic with high intensity UV floodlights, which he’d used to flash fry a number of vampires, thus saving Abby and, for the first time in his life, having a girlfriend and someone who thought he was cool. â€Å"I can’t come right away, Abby. The sun lights aren’t in the car.† â€Å"Oh my fucking God, there’s some little old guy with a cane coming out of the alley. Well, he’s toast. Fuck!† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Fuck!† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Oh fuck!† â€Å"What? What? What?† â€Å"Oh-my-fucking-god-ponies-on-a-stick!† â€Å"Abby, you need to be more specific.† â€Å"It’s not a cane, Foo, it’s a sword.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Come now, Foo. Bring the sun.† â€Å"I can’t, Abby. My car is full of rats.† THE EMPEROR The Emperor watched in horror as the cats leapt onto the back of his noble captain, Lazarus. The golden retriever shook himself violently, dislodging two of the fiends, but they were replaced by two more, and three more leapt on top of them, nearly bringing Lazarus to the ground. But they weren’t pack hunters, and as each maneuvered for the throat, another attacker was pushed off, his claws shredding both predator and prey as he fell. Blood splattered the windscreen of the police cart. Bummer bounced around inside the tiny cabin, barking and snorting, and throwing himself against the glass, covering everything with angry dog slobber. â€Å"Run, Lazarus, run!† The Emperor pounded on the glass, then pushed his forehead against it as he tried to squint back tears of anguish and frustration. â€Å"No!† He would not do it. He would not watch his companion slaughtered. Outrage filled the ancient, boiler-tank of a man and condensed to courage. He was fighting the door latch when half a cat hit the side window and slid down trailing gore. The door handle snapped off in his hand and he threw it to the floor of the cart. Bummer immediately attacked it and broke a tooth on the metal. Through the haze of blood spray, the Emperor could see another figure in the street. A boy-no, a man, but a small man, Asian-wearing a fluorescent orange porkpie hat and socks, tight plaid trousers that looked as if they’d been teleported out of the 1960s, and a gray cardigan sweater. The little man was brandishing a samurai sword, bringing it down again and again on Lazarus in quick snapping motions, but before he could cry out, the Emperor saw that the sword wasn’t even grazing the retriever’s coat. With each stroke one of the cats fell away, beheaded or cut in half, both halves squirming on the pavement. There was no spinning, no wind-up or flourish to the swordsman’s movements, just grim efficiency, like a chef chopping vegetables. As his targets moved, he pivoted and stepped just enough to deliver the cut, then snapped the blade back and sent it to its next destination. The weight and fury removed from his back, Lazarus looked around and whimpered, which translated to: â€Å"Whaaa-?† The swordsman was relentless, step, cut, step, cut. Two cats came at him from under a Volvo and he quickly retreated and swung the sword in a quick, low arc that approximated a golf stroke and sent their heads back over the car to bounce off a metal garage door. â€Å"Behind!† the Emperor warned. But it was too late. The low attack had thrown the swordsman off-a heavy-bodied Siamese cat launched itself from the roof of a van across the street and landed on the little man’s back. The long sword was useless at such close range. The swordsman arched in pain, even as the Siamese clawed its way up his back. He spun, then threw his feet out before him and fell hard on his back, but the Siamese took the impact and dug its fangs into the swordsman’s shoulder. A half-dozen vampire cats came scurrying out from under cars toward the struggling swordsman. Lazarus, his fur matted with blood, caught one of the cats by the haunch and bit to the bone. The cat screamed and squirmed in the retriever’s jaws, trying to claw his eyes. The others fell on the swordsman with fang and claw. The Emperor threw his shoulder against the Plexiglas door of the police cart, but there was no room to move, to gain momentum, and while the entire cart rocked and went up on two wheels under his weight, the door latch would not give. He watched in horror as the swordsman writhed under his attackers. The Emperor heard a steel fire door hitting brick and light spilled across the sidewalk and into the street. Out of the doorway ran a thin, impossibly pale girl with lavender pigtails wearing pink motocross boots, pink fishnet stockings, a green plastic skirt, wraparound sunglasses, and a black leather jacket that looked studded with glass. Before he could warn her, the girl ran into the street and shouted, â€Å"You motherfucking kitties need to step the fuck off!† The vampire cats attacking the swordsman looked up and hissed, which translated from vampire cat, meant: â€Å"Whaaa-?† She ran right at the swordsman, waving her arms as if shooing birds or trying to dry some particularly stubborn nail polish and screaming like a madwoman. The cats turned their attention to her, and were crouching, readying to leap, when her jacket lit up like the sun. There was a collective screech of agony from the vampire cats as all around the street, cats and cat parts smoked, then ignited. Burning cats made for the alley across the street or tried to hide under cars, but the thin girl ran after them, darting here and there, until each ignited, then burned and reduced itself first to a bubbling puddle of fur and goo, and finally, a pile of fine ash. In less than a minute, the street was quiet again. The lights on the girl’s jacket went dark. The swordsman climbed to his feet and fitted his orange porkpie hat back on his head. He was bleeding from spots on his back and arms, and there was blood on his plaid pants and orange socks, but whether it was his or the cats’ was impossible to tell. He stood before the thin girl and bowed deeply. â€Å"Domo arigato,† he said, keeping his eyes at her feet. â€Å"Dozo,† said the girl. â€Å"Your kitty-slaying skills are, if I may say so, the shit.† The swordsman bowed again, short and shallow, then turned and trotted across the street, down the alley, and out of sight. Lazarus was digging at the Plexiglas door of the police cart with the pads of his paws, as if he might polish his way through to release his master. Abby scratched his nose, nearly the only part of him not covered in blood, and opened the door. â€Å"Hey,† she said. â€Å"Hey,† said the Emperor. He stepped out of the cart and looked around. The street was painted with blood for half a block, punctuated by piles of ash and the occasional charred flea collar. Parked cars were sprayed in red mist, even the security lights above several fire doors were speckled with gore. Acrid smoke from burning cats hung low in the air, and on the sidewalk greasy gray ash spilled out of the sleeves and collar of the parking officer’s uniform. â€Å"Well, you don’t see that every day,† said the Emperor, as a police cruiser rounded the corner, the red and blue lights raking the building. The cruiser stopped and doors flew open. The driver stood behind his door, his hand on his gun. â€Å"What’s going on here?† he said, trying to keep his eyes on the Emperor and not look at the carnage that surrounded them. â€Å"Nothing,† Abby said. How to cite Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 3, Essay examples

Computing and Learning Towards Interactive †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Computing and Learning Towards Interactive. Answer: Introduction In todays organizational life, decision making is perceived as a continuation of the mans systematic ways of looking for guidance from the stars and unforeseen powers (Koksalan et al., 2013).Sometimes back, Chester Barnard who, a retired telephone executive and author of The Functions of Executive used the term decision making from the Lexicon of Public Administration into the world of business and started replacing the descriptors such as resource allocation and policy making. With the introduction of the phrase, managers changed their way of thinking and spurred on the new crispness of actions desiring for conclusiveness (Vaiman et al., 2012). According to William Starbuck, a professor in residence at the University of Oregons Charles, policy making is a continuous process that needs constant allocation of resources; therefore, decisions imply the end of deliberations and the beginning of the actions as Albert Camus, concludes that life is the sum of all our choices. The study of d ecision-making by some intellectuals and disciplines all finds that every decision have ultimate influence on our behaviors. Therefore more research has been accomplished to help the current managers on how to make decisions. A decision is a conscious choice to behave in a set particular way in a given circumstance either formally or informally. The formal decisions are the more relative, non-routine, complex and non-repetitive since the procedure used does not always exist while the informal decisions tend to be repetitive and have a nature of routine since there is an existence of the systems used (Asemi et al., 2011). Decision making has received different definitions according to different philosophers and researchers such as Mintzberg Henry, James Stoner, and Peter Drucker. According to James Stroner, decision-making is a process of identifying and selecting a suitable course of actions to solve a particular problem. By following these steps, one can make more deliberate thoughtful decisions by organizing the relevant informations and defining options. According to James Stoner, the decision-making has three components which are the alternatives, the choices and the problem (Damnjanovic Jankovic, 20 14). According to Peter Drucker, decision-making is a process whereby an individual performs a conclusion about a situation following a course of behaviors that must be done. According to Henry Mintzberg, decision making is the process of diagnosing a problem, identifying possible solutions, evaluating on the best and the making the action (Cooper et al., 2014). Decision making is critical for every organizational management as it tends to differentiate a real manager form a non-manager as decisions are always required in planning, controlling and organizing (Cui, 2015). According to all these three authors, it is evident that decision-making is a process followed by an individual to arrive at the best solution for a particular problem. Decisions are made in accordance to different kinds of situations such as; Decisions on Whether, Decisions on Which and Conditional or Contingent Decisions. Decisions on Whether, involves a yes or no instances; a situation whereby the individual has only two fixed choices to make ( Cooper et al., 2014). A Decision on Which means a situation where an individual has more than two options to make hence picking on the best alternative while the Conditional decisions are always as a result of already made conditions hence making it easier for the action. A great number of individual faces imperfectability of making decisions, due to ignorance of the models, strategies, approaches and techniques required for the process, therefore, several models and approaches have been made by several theorists to achieve them (Del Messier et al., 2011). Decision theory is the study of the reasoning underlying individual choices classified into two branches; that are normative decision theory which gives the best advises to arrive at the best solution (Damnjanovic Jankovic, 2014). The theory aims at finding the tools, methodologies, and software to assist individuals to make better decisions while the descriptive decision-making theory aims at analyzing how the existing, possibly irrational people make their best choices. In short, the normative theory explains how decisions should be made while the descriptive theory explains how to make decisions. There have been other several theories that have been developed and implemented in many organization s that are believed to be mathematical, such as casual, evidential, game and Bayesian theories (Salama, 2015). The causal theory, according to Immanuel Kant, is an old one that adopts the principle of rational choice that implies that every outcome is as a result of the type of the made decisions. Game theory is a mathematical study of strategic decision-making as it takes into the account the conflict and cooperation between decision-makers and the reasonable rationale. Evidential decision theory believes that the best option is always the best outcome of the irrational thinking while the Bayesian theory that adopts the probability aspects and logical reasoning in making decisions. Different decision-making theories can also be viewable through analyzing different approaches and procedures that are involved. The main approaches that are involved include authoritarian, group and automating system. The authoritarian approach is where an individual or a leader makes a decision based on personal knowledge and experience and later communicate the decisions to the subordinate to follow (Margalit, 2011). The leader's vision is transmitted into the minds of the subordinates and carefully supervised to complete the tasks. According to Douglas McGregors theory X, leaders are supposed to coerce and control followers to accomplish the organization's objectives. The approach is characterizable by a downward one-way communication from the leaders, presence set rules and procedures, leaders always dominate the interaction, and obedient behaviors are rewardable while erroneous actions are punishable. The authoritarian approach of decision-making is best when the available time for the decision is limited since the leader does not have to consult, or rather have a concession; however, it is disadvantaged with leadership lack of creativity in problem-solving. The group decision is also known as the collaborative approach where individuals faced with a problem collectively make a unanimous choice (Xu, 2011). The approach aims at making the best choices by analyzing the available alternatives to fit a specified objective. Unlike in the authoritarian approach where the leader spends less time in making a decision and more time in communicating the decisions to the subordinates, the group approach, the leaders tend to spend more time in analysis of choice and it no longer attributable to any individual. The process is characterized by participatory by all members without any form of discriminatory and sharing of the leadership roles. The decision-making process requires the group to follow a detailed process staring with the brainstorming of ideas by the group members. The brainstorming session is usually unstructured as many ideas, questions from the members are raised to make proper understanding of the problem through the facilitator. The second stage is the dialectical inquiry, a technique that focuses on ensuring that all the alternatives are considerable through dividing the group members into two sides, those that support from those that oppose. The two members give out their views on that particular decision to be made after the debate. The third stage is the nominal group technique, whereby each group member is required to compose a comprehensive list of the ideas on the proposed alternatives in writing and the after clarifications verbally communicated.An automating system approach is an automated approach to computers used for administrative purposes such as in calculating payments following a set form ula. According to Mintzberg decision-making strategy, the organization structure and management roles are being broken down to promote a clear understanding of the organization. It provides the functions of decisions in the management (Eastwood et al., 2011).According to Peter Drucker, the decision-making process has to follow the detailed process to be effective on the problem. Peter Drucker, states the following steps; problem clarification whereby, a problem is perceived to be falling under two categories that are generic and unique. In the generic, there are set rules since there is an experience of the problem while unique classification insists that each problem is treated individually. The second stage is problem definition whereby an individual work out what the situation is all about and adequately states the key issues. The third stage is the problem specification, whereby the decision maker defines the type of the choice that needs accomplishments. According to Drucker, the wro ng decision is not always a bad issue, but the continued changes of the set minimal goals during the decision-making process. The fourth step is making the best choice, a choice that meets all the set minimal goals from the alternatives that are available after critical analysis. The fifth step is the process of converting the choice made into action by describing all the responsibilities to be undertaken for the implementation after which the decision maker awaits the feedback of the process. Other strategies are optimizing whereby the decision maker select the best option among the listed alternatives in consideration of the time, limit, cost of other alternatives and the resource availability(Tofun, 2014). The satisficing strategy gives the first choice to the more satisfactory alternative rather than the best. The word satisficing is from two words, satisfy and sufficient to consider in any choice. Maximax strategy is where the decision maker maximizes on the maximums as the choice made is an alternative with maximum profits. The strategy is also referred as optimist decision-making strategy as the favorable outcome expected, and potentials are the most aspects of concern. The strategy mostly applies when risk is acceptable, and there is failure toleration. The maximin strategy is considered to be that of pessimists as it chooses the worst outcome of all alternatives since it chooses the one with the highest minimum. The strategy is always expensive, and failure tolera ted. Decisions have been viewed as the individuals prerogative, as the information used, the logic used are always in mind. For successive decision-making, leaders have to go through specific process and techniques (Alvino Franco, 2017). These are; decision tree that uses graphic format since human eye finds it easy to make decisions tree. The evaluation at each node and each node represents alternatives. The consultations technique is the most common in most of the organizations as the decision maker, or the manager takes the views of potential stakeholders, by asking the right questions to get the right answers. The experience technique is considered to be the best teacher as the evaluation and choices made follows the past situations. However, a proper analysis should always be done in every situation since the present particular situations might not conform to the past choices resulting in entirely different results. The cost-benefiting analysis technique is a systematic way to deter mine the benefits and the costs of the perceived decision rather than the risks that might be attached (Su et al., 2014). The simulation technique is a scientific tool used the real world process whereby there is no past knowledge on a particular issue. It entails the optimization, testing, education and safety engineering. Bad decisions always result when an individual overrides the senses and make a choice on a poor alternative (Drucker, 2015). As a result of lack of the sufficient number of options, inadequate information, a limited time frame for proper analysis, ignorance of evaluation techniques, uncritical acceptance of others judgment and inaccurate forecasting of external influences such as government. Conclusion In conclusion, decision-making is perceivable as a skill that has room for improvement through the use of different models, theories and techniques. The theories are applied depending on the situation, for example, the descriptive theory of decision-making is more difficult to put into practice as it gives biased behavioral l practice that can not conform to the several situations; therefore it is unwise to advise individuals with normative theories. To make a good decision, both the descriptive and normative should use to complement each other. References Alvino, L., Franco, M. (2017). The decision-making process between rationality and emotions. International Journal Of Scientific Research And Management. https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v5i9.18 Asemi, A., Safari, A., Asemi Zavareh, A. (2011). The Role of Management Information System (MIS) and Decision Support System (DSS) for Managers Decision Making Process. International Journal Of Business And Management, 6(7). https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n7p164 Cooper, D., Connolly, T., Kugler, T. (2014). Lay Personality Theories in Interactive Decisions: Strongly Held, Weakly Supported. Journal Of Behavioral Decision Making, 28(3), 201-213. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1842 Cui, Z. (2015). Decision Making in Cross-Functional Teams: The Role of Decision Power*. Decision Sciences, 47(3), 492-523. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/deci.12188 Damnjanovic, K., Jankovic, I. (2014). Normative and descriptive theories of decision making under risk. Theoria, Beograd, 57(4), 25-50. https://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1404025d Del Missier, F., Mntyl, T., Bruin, W. (2011). Decision-making Competence, Executive Functioning, and General Cognitive Abilities. Journal Of Behavioral Decision Making, 25(4), 331-351. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.731 Drucker, P. (2015). Managing for results. [Place of publication not identified]: Routledge. Eastwood, J., Snook, B., Luther, K. (2011). What People Want From Their Professionals: Attitudes Toward Decision-making Strategies. Journal Of Behavioral Decision Making, 25(5), 458-468. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.741 Eastwood, J., Snook, B., Luther, K. (2011). What People Want From Their Professionals: Attitudes Toward Decision-making Strategies. Journal Of Behavioral Decision Making, 25(5), 458-468. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.741 Kksalan, M., Wallenius, J., Zionts, S. (2013). An Early History of Multiple Criteria Decision Making. Journal Of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, 20(1-2), 87-94. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mcda.1481 Margalit, L. (2011). Coercive Approach and Decision Making Models. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1974141 Salama, A. (2015). New Approaches for Decision Making in Information Systems via Decision Diagrams. British Journal Of Mathematics Computer Science, 8(6), 418-432. https://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjmcs/2015/17456 SU, C., LI, H. (2014). Approaches to Affective Computing and Learning towards Interactive Decision Making in Process Control Engineering. Acta Automatica Sinica, 39(5), 617-625. https://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1004.2013.00617 TOFAN, C. (2014). Optimization Techniques of Decision Making - Decision Tree. Advances In Social Sciences Research Journal, 1(5), 142-148. https://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.15.437 Vaiman, V., Scullion, H., Collings, D. (2012). Talent management decision making. Management Decision, 50(5), 925-941. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251741211227663 XU, Z. (2011). APPROACHES TO MULTI-STAGE MULTI-ATTRIBUTE GROUP DECISION MAKING. International Journal Of Information Technology Decision Making, 10(01), 121-146. https://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622011004257