Kepler s Laws Of Planetary Motion - 1017 Words

Kepler’s Laws Johannes Kepler formulated the Three Laws of Planetary Motion. The first is the Law of Orbits, stating that all planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus. The second law is the Law of Areas. This is the idea that a line that connects the planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in the plane of the planet’s orbit in equal time intervals. Last is the Law of Periods which states that the square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semi major axis of its orbit. It is simple to just accept the laws and memorize them, but take it a step further. What are the explanations to these laws and how did Kepler come to those conclusions? The results that Kepler published actually began with Tycho Brahe. Brahe was interested in reforming astronomy, and wanted to prove his idea that planets circle the sun which then move around the stationary earth. He made several observations with advanced instruments that still to thi s day have been proven by calculations done with modern computers to be quite accurate. All of Brahe’s observations were very useful and interesting to Kepler who became Brahe’s assistant in 1600. Some propose that Brahe only continued making observations because he was unsure of what to do with them or how to apply them, so it was left up to assistants such as Johannes Kepler to put the information to use (J.V. Field). Kepler had been engaging in finding an orbit of Mars, and Brahe’s observationsShow MoreRelatedKepler s Laws Of Planetary Motion2539 Words   |  11 PagesKepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician and astronomer. Best known for his laws of planetary motion, Kepler was a key figure in the scientific revolution in the 17th century. His laws illustrate the fundamental properties of the orbits of the planets and were also a precursor to the formulation of Newton’s law of gravitation. Biography: Kepler was introduced to astronomy in his early years and developed a passion for it, which would span his entire life. AtRead MoreThe Genius Of Sir Isaac Newton1687 Words   |  7 Pagesthe universe in the 1600’s because of his law of universal gravitation, his laws of motion, and other discoveries and inventions. Isaac Newton s law of universal gravitation and planetary motion shed light on the clockwork of the universe. Newton’s discoveries about gravity all began while he was sitting under an apple tree. one of the apples fell from the tree making him begin to think about what caused the change in acceleration and velocity in the apple. Newton’s law of universal gravitationRead More Keplers Laws and Planetary Movement Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesturn of the 1600s, the way in which the solar system and the universe as a whole was viewed began to change. With the controversial conclusions of Copernicus, scientists already began to adopt the idea of a heliocentric solar system. Further advancements in astronomy came about through the research of Tycho Brahe and his assistant Johannes Kepler. The three planetary laws developed by Kepler with the data gathered by Brahe shaped the way in which science viewed the structure and motion of the planetsRead MoreEssay on The Scientific Revolution1263 Words   |  6 Pagesunknown realm of science and experimentation. Four of the many brilliant founders of the Scientific Revolution; Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Brahe, used previous scientific principles and their own genius to make advances in science that are still being used today. Scientific pamphlets, the telescope, observations of the universe and the creation of laws for planetary motion are some of the major advances that came out of the revolution and that were found by the scientists of its time. Nicholas CoperincusRead MoreJohannes Kepler, The Father Of Modern Astronomy1575 Words   |  7 PagesJohannes Kepler, the â€Å"Father of Modern Astronomy†, had an enormous impact on different aspects of science and mathematics such as geometry, physics, optics, crystallography and philosophy, eventually paving the way for more like-minded thinkers. His mathematical proofs supporting the heliocentric model of the universe was essential to progressing the scientific revolution. He reflected the Renaissance ideals of education, secularism, and observation while bridging medieval astronomy with modern scienceRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution Was Not An Organized Effort1276 Words   |  6 PagesNicolaus Copernicus was an understudy of past onlookers and a theoretician. He contemplated the watched movements of grand bodies in connection to the acknowledged geocentric Aristotelian framework, which put the earth at the focal point of the nearby planetary group, with the sun and pl anets in circle. Copernicus perceptions drove him to infer that there was some kind of problem with the geocentric hypothesis. He tried the speculation that the earth was truth be told in circle around the sun againstRead MoreJohannes Kepler s A Perfect World985 Words   |  4 Pages Johannes Kepler was a modern individual and he believed that God would have created a perfect world and in that world everything was geometrically perfect. In Banville’s book about Kepler it says, â€Å"The search for knowledge everywhere encounters geometrical relations in nature, which God, in creating the world, laid out (Banville 1981, p.145).† As he pursued the answer to planetary motion, he assumed that the planets orbited the sun in a perfect circle. He tried to seek order in his chaotic lifeRead MoreThe Copernican Revolution and Its Importance According to Thomas S. Kuhn892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Copernican Revolution Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought b y Thomas S. Kuhn, is a book that illustrates the importance between man and the natural world from antiquity to the current date. Thomas Kuhn vividly shows us that the Copernican revolution was not only a revolution of scientific theory, but of religious, and conceptual thought as well. Kuhn states in the opening lines of his book that The Copernican Revolution was a revolution of ideas, a transformation in mansRead MorePreliminary Physics Assessment Task 1 Christos Toras â€Æ' MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE -1200 Words   |  5 PagesCopernicus, Tycho Brahe, Kepler, Galileo and Newton. Aristotle’s model of the universe was a geocentric universe. This meant that the Earth was at the centre of the universe and that all stars were on a celestial sphere. A celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere which acts as a dome around the Earth from which you can see the stars and the universe. Although Aristotle’s model was good for its time it could not explain retrograde motion of the planets. Retrograde motion is Ptolemy’s model of theRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church Responded Treatment1645 Words   |  7 Pagesan Italian astronomer and philosopher, the Medici family was a patron of his work. Galilei viewed the physical universe as a â€Å"Book of Nature...written in mathematical characters.† Galilei also improved the telescope, this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon. Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe based on observations, Galileo’s discussion of the his ideas regarding helio-centrism. Galileo’s views were challenged by the Church

Analyzing a Sociological Issue - 1345 Words

Modernization of indigenous culture is nothing uncommon and happens on a daily basis. Time is the only variation between subjects. Depending on many factors, a culture can be transformed over a long period of time or just overnight. The modernization of North America and Western Europe occurred during the 18th and 19th centuries and has since spread to many Eastern European and Asian countries (Macionis, 2011). Modernization is a combination of sorts, including industrialization and urbanization and is defined as the transformation of a society or culture from a rural and agrarian condition to a secular, urban, and industrial one (Macionis, 2011). Modernization is not necessarily modern in the general sense or a revolutionary view; it is†¦show more content†¦While the United States is currently going through massive changes concerning this usage (i.e. solar power and nuclear power), the industry still has quite a ways to go (Glendinning, 2010). According to â€Å"Institute For Energy Research, â€Å"Between 2011 and 2040, natural gas consumption is expected to increase by 21 percent and coal consumption by 7 percent. The EIA foresees fossil fuels maintaining their status as America’s leading source of energy consumption between now and 2040, supplying 78 percent of our nation’s energy needs in 2040. These numbers are forcing more allocation of resources and focused energy to be put into the right areas. With that in mind, we could see massive improvements in the energy side of things. Even though we use far more energy and as a direct result produce more pollutants, it should also be noted that we live a far more comfortable life style than many indigenous societies. Thus a direct result of this is that modern society has a better prospect concerning longevity. Many modernized societies have seen fit to extend the lives of all its citizens regardless of ability through socialized or universal health care, whereas in many indigenous cultures, one will see higher rates of death. This is especially true for infants, not to say that it is deliberate, but they can simply not be given the same amountShow MoreRelatedSociology : An American Sociologist C. Wright Mills1204 Words   |  5 Pagesin the sociological world. Sociology also helps us to recognize our position in the society by our â€Å"sociological imagination.† An American sociologist C. Wright Mills created the term sociological imagination to know our interdependent relationship between who we are as individual and the influences around us that shape our lives. By imagining how our actions might look to another person, we can have a better understanding on ourselves and our social worlds. Mills argued that the sociological imaginationRead MoreI Am Applying Intersectionality And The Sociological Imagination1080 Words   |  5 PagesI am applying intersectionality and the sociological imagination to my intersecting identities: class, gender, and ethnicity. By employing intersectionality and the sociological imagination, I am analyzing how my positionality affected my personal experiences while connecting those events with society. I also included five peer-reviewed articles as supporting evidence. Kimberlà © Williams Crenshaw is an African American scholar, civil rights advocate, and law professor who developed the term intersectionalityRead MoreSociological Imagination1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of â€Å"sociological imagination† is one that can be explained many different ways. A simple way to think of the sociological imagination is to see it as a way a person thinks, where they know that what they do from day to day in their private lives (like the choices they make), are sometimes influenced by the larger environment in which they live (Mills 1959, 1). What C.W. Mills meant by this concept is that it is the ability to â€Å"understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaningRead MoreSoc/100 - Applying Sociological Perspectives1063 Words   |  5 Pages Applying Sociological Perspectives Stephanie Ann Tombline SOC/100 May 30, 2016 Jennifer Hudgins Applying Sociological Perspectives Social networking sites - such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and, Pinterest, just to name a few - provide individuals with an online web of global networking that allows maintaining social ties with one another. Sociologists often ponder, How do these social websites impact society? Above all, this is the question that is the central focus shared byRead MoreThe Medias Impossible Value Of Body Image1332 Words   |  6 Pagesbody image. In this paper, I will be analyzing the value of body image to gain an understanding of how our own personal experiences relate to the larger society. Sociological Imagination First and foremost, sociological imagination is a term coined by C. Wright Mills which is the knowledge of the relationship between our own experience and the greater society. Essentially, in order to understand our own personal troubles, we must relate it to society. Sociological imagination can be understood withRead MoreResponse Paper : The Promise1008 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"sociologically right.† The sociological imagination was coined by C. Write Mills. His theory of sociological imagination is that we need to look at things in the big picture. Mills had grown concerned with sociological research. Mills felt that the researchers had gone away from theoretical understanding of society. Mills’s concept was that in order to get a full understanding on an individual we have to use our imaginations and think outside the box. He felt that sociological research need researchersRead MoreA Brief Note On Sociology And Sociology Class1524 Words   |  7 Pagesyou want to pursue could be very beneficial, also it helps you to find solutions to problems.† All my respondents including the 54 year old, agreed on that by studying sociology, it gives you a better understanding on the world around you. After analyzing my results, I found that my respondents had a basic understanding of sociology. The 19 year old had a better understanding of what sociology is, because she is in college and that will be her minor. The only part that majority of my respondents (4/5)Read MoreSociological Perspectives On Social Networking Sites916 Words   |  4 Pages Applying Sociological Perspectives Social networking sites - such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and, Pinterest, just to name a few - provide individuals with an online web of global networking that allows maintaining social ties with one another. Sociologists often ponder, How do these social websites impact society? Above all, this is the question that is the central focus shared by all three of the primary sociological perspectives (Structural FunctionalismRead MoreWhat Makes Critical Social Work?817 Words   |  4 Pagesand in defining social work, one must also define critical thinking, and critical consciousness. This paper will attempt to define such concepts and ideologies and it will address and include themes of the intersectionality of social work and the Sociological Imagination, social structure and institutions. 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Bite Me A Love Story Chapter 3 Free Essays

string(65) " with a spray of doggie slobber across the Emperor’s palm\." 3. The Samurai of Jackson Street TOMMY When he first arrived in San Francisco, Tommy Flood had shared a closet-size room with five Chinese men named Wong, all of whom had wanted to marry him. â€Å"It’s horrible-like being packed into a take-out box of Kung Pao chicken,† Tommy had said, and although it wasn’t like that at all, and Tommy was just trying to use colorful language which he felt was his duty as a writer, it was very crowded and smelled strongly of garlic and sweaty Chinese guys. We will write a custom essay sample on Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I think they want to pack my fudge,† Tommy had said. â€Å"I’m from Indiana, we don’t go for that kind of stuff.† As it turned out, the Chinese guys didn’t go for that kind of stuff either, but were, in fact, very much interested in getting green cards. Fortunately, only a week later, in the parking lot of the Marina Safeway where he worked nights, Tommy met a gorgeous redhead named Jody Stroud, who rescued him from his confinement with the Chinese guys, by giving him her love, a nice loft apartment, and immortality. Unfortunately, little more than a month after that, their minion, Abby, had them bronzed while they slept, and Tommy awoke one night to find that despite his great vampire strength, he couldn’t move a muscle. â€Å"I’d rather be trapped in a take-out box of Kung Pao chicken,† Tommy would have said if he could have said anything, which he couldn’t. Meanwhile, right next to him, sharing the same bronze shell, his beloved Jody drifted in a dream-state, a side effect of being able to turn herself to mist, a trick she had learned from Elijah Ben Sapir, her vampire sire. Between the dead sleep of daylight, and the floating in a dream-world, she could endure decades inside the statue. Tommy, however, had never learned how to turn to mist. There had never been time to teach him. So come sundown, his vampire senses came on like neon, and he experienced every second of his confinement with an electric intensity that nearly had him vibrating in his shell-an alpha predator pacing the cage of his mind and shredding his reason. Of course, he did the only thing he could do: he went barking at the moon mad. CHET He’d have to lick about a mile of kitty-butt to get the taste of meter maid out of his mouth, but Chet was up for it. He raked a couple of hind-leg kicks through the dust that was the meter maid’s remains, and headed across the street and into the alley, where he curled up in the dark and set about blunting the human taste. It was only a little over a month since the old vampire had turned Chet, but already he was losing all sense of his former self. Time was, that he spent his days on Market Street, napping next to William, the homeless man who made his living with a paper cup and a sign that said, I AM HOMELESS AND MY CAT IS HUGE. Chet was indeed very large, and while much of his volume had been fur, he had achieved a weight of thirty-five pounds on a diet of semi-used hamburgers and French fries donated by passersby outside of McDonald’s. Now Chet hunted the night, taking down nearly any warm-blooded creature he encountered: rats, birds, squirrels, cats, dogs, and even the occasional human. At first it had only been drunks and other homeless, and the first time he had drained one, his old friend William, who turned to dust in front of him, Chet yowled, ran, and hid under a Dumpster for the rest of the night and all of the next day. There was no regret, simply hunger and elation of the blood rush. It was beyond the satisfaction of the kill, it was positively sexual, something Chet had never known as a normal cat, as he’d been neutered by the animal shelter when still a kitten. But along with speed, strength, and senses far more sensitive than even a human-based vampire, Chet, like his human counterparts, found that he was physically restored to perfection. In other words, his junk was working. He found that soon after the kill he desperately needed to hump something, and the more squirmy and wailing, the better. Above the smells of bus fumes, cooking food, and urine-bathed curbs that pervaded the City, he caught the scent of a female in heat. She might be a mile away, but given his newly heightened senses, he’d find her. A wave of excitement undulated under the fur of his spine, fur that had mostly grown back since the humans had shaved him, mated in front of him, and drank his blood, which served to traumatize his little kitty consciousness before he was turned vampire, and motivated a whole new feeling he’d grown into as a vampire cat: vengeance. For since his metamorphosis, it wasn’t just his senses that had expanded. His brain, which before had run a loop of â€Å"eat-nap-crap, repeat,† was now growing into a whole new awareness, getting bigger, even as Chet grew. He was a good sixty pounds now, and roughly as smart as a dog, where before he’d only been a little brighter than a brick. Dog. The hated. There was dog on the air. Coming closer. He could smell it-them-two of them. And now he could hear them. He arose from his butt bath and screeched like an electrified lynx. In response, the neighborhood echoed with a chorus of yowls from a dozen other vampire cats. THE EMPEROR â€Å"Steady, fellows,† said the Emperor. He laid his hand across the neck of the golden retriever and scratched under the chin of the Boston terrier, who squirmed in the great pocket of the Emperor’s overcoat, looking like a frantic, black-and-white, bug-eyed kangaroo mutant. â€Å"Cat! Cat! Cat! Cat! Cat!† barked Bummer, with a spray of doggie slobber across the Emperor’s palm. You read "Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 3" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Cat! Murder, pain, fire, evil, cat! Can’t you smell them? Everywhere! Must chase, chase, chase, bite, bite, bite, let me go you insane, oblivious old man, I’m trying to save you, for the love of God, CAT! CAT! CAT!† Unfortunately, Bummer only spoke dog, and while the Emperor could tell that the Boston terrier was upset, he had no idea why. (Anyone who translates dog knows that only about a third of what Bummer said actually meant anything. The rest was just noise he needed to make. Human speech is about the same.) Lazarus, the golden retriever, having battled vampires on and off for the last two months, and being steady by nature, was much calmer about the whole thing, but despite Bummer’s tendency to overreact, he had to admit, the smell of cat was tall in the air, and what was more disturbing, it wasn’t just cat, it was dead cat. Dead cat walking. Wait, what was that? Not cat-cats. Oh, this was not good. â€Å"He’s right about the cat,† Lazarus ruffed, nudging the Emperor’s leg. â€Å"We should get out of this neighborhood, maybe go over to North Beach and see if anyone dropped a beef jerky or something. I could sure use a beef jerky. Or we can stay and die. Whatever. I’m good with it.† â€Å"Easy, men,† said the Emperor, alert now that something was amiss. He knelt down, his knees creaking like rusted hinges, and as he looked around, kneaded the spot between Bummer’s ears as if he were readying to make doggy-brain biscuits. He was a great, woolly, thunderstorm of a man-broad shouldered and gray bearded, fine witted and fiercely loyal to the people of his city. He had lived on the streets of San Francisco as long as anyone could remember, and while tourists saw him as a raggedy, homeless wretch, the locals viewed him as a fixture, a rolling landmark, a spirit, and a conscience, and for the most part, treated him with the deference they might pay royalty, despite the fact that he was a raving loon. The street was deserted, but a half a block away the Emperor saw the three-wheeled cart of an S.F.P.D. parking enforcement officer, stopped behind an illegally parked Audi. The cart’s rotating yellow caution lights chased themselves around the surrounding buildings like drunken, jaundiced Tinkerbells, but there was no officer in sight. â€Å"Strange. It’s long past time when a meter maid should be working. Perhaps we should investigate, gents.† But before he could stand, Bummer leapt out of the Emperor’s pocket and made a beeline for the cart, trumpeting himself into the charge with a staccato barking fit. Lazarus took off after the black-and-white fur-rocket, and the old man ambled along behind, as fast as his great, arthritic legs would carry him. They found Bummer on the far side of the Audi, snorting and snuffling inside an empty police uniform, and covered with a fine gray powder. The Emperor’s eyes went wide. He backed across the sidewalk and stood against the fire door of one of the industrial lofts that lined the street. He had seen this before. He knew the signs. But when he had seen the old vampire and his companions board an enormous yacht in the Bay over a month ago, he thought his city rid of the bloodsucking fiends. What now? There was a crackling static noise from the police cart: a radio. Call it in. Alert his people to the danger. He rolled to the cart, fumbled with the door catch, and reached for the microphone. â€Å"Hello,† he said into the microphone. â€Å"This is the Emperor of San Francisco, Emperor of San Francisco, protector of Alcatraz, Sausalito, and Treasure Island, and I’d like to report a vampire.† The radio continued to crackle and distant voices ghosted through the ether, uninterrupted. Lazarus padded to the old man’s side and barked furiously, â€Å"You have to push the button. You have to push the button.† Unfortunately, while the noble retriever understood English, he only spoke dog, and the Emperor did not get the instruction. â€Å"Button! Button! Button! Button!† Bummer barked, springing up and down in front of the police cart. He scurried around to the door and jumped in on the Emperor’s lap to show him. â€Å"Yeah, that helps,† growled Lazarus sarcastically. Golden retrievers are not a very sarcastic breed, and he felt a little ashamed and, well, catlike, using that tone of voice. â€Å"Okay. Button! Button! Button! Uh-oh.† â€Å"Button! Button! Button! Uh-oh, what?† barked Bummer. A short ruff from the retriever: â€Å"Cat.† Lazarus boiled out a low growl and laid his ears back against his head. The Emperor saw two of them: cats, coming down the sidewalk toward them. But they didn’t look quite natural. The light from the police cart was reflecting back from the cats’ eyes like red coals. A screech, there were two more coming across the street. Lazarus turned to face them, snarling now. A chorus of hisses from behind. The Emperor looked in the rearview mirror to see three more cats stalking from behind. â€Å"Quick, Lazarus, in the cart. Up, boy, in the cart.† Lazarus was spinning now, trying to watch all of the cats at once, warning them off with bared teeth and bristled hair. But the cats came on, baring their own teeth. â€Å"Come now,† said the Emperor into the microphone. Something landed hard on the roof of the cart and Bummer yelped. Another thump and the Emperor looked back to see a large cat in the bed of the cart, coming up on two legs and trying to claw around the back window. The old man pulled the door shut. â€Å"Run, Lazarus, run!† Lazarus caught the first cat in his jaws and was shaking it furiously when the rest fell upon him. STEVE â€Å"There’s nefarious shit afoot, Foo,† said Abby. â€Å"Bring portable sun and fry these nosferatu kitties before they nom everyone in the ‘hood.† Steven â€Å"Foo Dog† Wong had no idea what his girlfriend, Abby, was talking about, and it wasn’t the first time. In fact, much of the time he had no idea what she was talking about, but he had learned if he was patient, and listened, and more important, agreed with her, she would mercilessly sex him up, which he liked quite a bit, and occasionally he got the message. He used the same strategy with his maternal grandmother (without the sexing-up part), who spoke an obscure, country dialect of Cantonese, that sounded to the uninitiated like someone beating a chicken to death with a banjo. Just wait, and all would become clear. This time, however, Abby, whose tone ran from tragically romantic to passionately dismissive, was sounding much more urgent, and the patience gambit wasn’t going to work. Her voice in his Bluetooth headset was like having a malevolent fairy bite his ear. â€Å"I’m in the middle of something, Abby. I’ll be home as soon as I finish up here.† â€Å"Now, Foo. There’s a herd, or flock, or a-what do you call a bunch of kitties?† â€Å"A box?† Foo offered. â€Å"Fucktard!† â€Å"A fucktard of kitties? Okay, sure, that could be it. A pride of lions, a murder of crows†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No. You fucktard! There’s a bunch of vampire kitties about to eat that crazy Emperor guy and his dogs right outside on the street. You need to come save them.† â€Å"A bunch?† Steve was having a hard time getting his head around the idea. He’d only recently gotten his head around the idea of one vampire cat, but a bunch, well, that was more. He was just a couple of months away from having his master’s in biochem at age twenty-one-he wasn’t a fucktard. â€Å"Define a bunch,† he said. â€Å"Many. I can’t count them because they’re stalking the golden retriever.† â€Å"And how do you know they’re vampire kitties?† â€Å"Oh, because I drew blood samples from them, ran it in that centrifuge thingy of yours, prepared some slides, and looked at the blood cell structure under a microscope, duh?† â€Å"No, really,† he said. She was flunking high school biology, there’s no way she prepared blood slides. And besides- â€Å"Of course not, you douche nozzle, I know they’re vampires because they’re stalking a golden retriever and a homeless fuck who’s hiding in the vaporized meter maid’s cart. That’s not standard kitty behavior.† â€Å"Vaporized meter maid?† â€Å"The one Chet ate-sucked her to dust. Come now, Foo, turn your sunbeam full-on and get your luscious ninja ass over here.† Steve had rigged the hatchback of his tricked-out Honda Civic with high intensity UV floodlights, which he’d used to flash fry a number of vampires, thus saving Abby and, for the first time in his life, having a girlfriend and someone who thought he was cool. â€Å"I can’t come right away, Abby. The sun lights aren’t in the car.† â€Å"Oh my fucking God, there’s some little old guy with a cane coming out of the alley. Well, he’s toast. Fuck!† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Fuck!† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Oh fuck!† â€Å"What? What? What?† â€Å"Oh-my-fucking-god-ponies-on-a-stick!† â€Å"Abby, you need to be more specific.† â€Å"It’s not a cane, Foo, it’s a sword.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Come now, Foo. Bring the sun.† â€Å"I can’t, Abby. My car is full of rats.† THE EMPEROR The Emperor watched in horror as the cats leapt onto the back of his noble captain, Lazarus. The golden retriever shook himself violently, dislodging two of the fiends, but they were replaced by two more, and three more leapt on top of them, nearly bringing Lazarus to the ground. But they weren’t pack hunters, and as each maneuvered for the throat, another attacker was pushed off, his claws shredding both predator and prey as he fell. Blood splattered the windscreen of the police cart. Bummer bounced around inside the tiny cabin, barking and snorting, and throwing himself against the glass, covering everything with angry dog slobber. â€Å"Run, Lazarus, run!† The Emperor pounded on the glass, then pushed his forehead against it as he tried to squint back tears of anguish and frustration. â€Å"No!† He would not do it. He would not watch his companion slaughtered. Outrage filled the ancient, boiler-tank of a man and condensed to courage. He was fighting the door latch when half a cat hit the side window and slid down trailing gore. The door handle snapped off in his hand and he threw it to the floor of the cart. Bummer immediately attacked it and broke a tooth on the metal. Through the haze of blood spray, the Emperor could see another figure in the street. A boy-no, a man, but a small man, Asian-wearing a fluorescent orange porkpie hat and socks, tight plaid trousers that looked as if they’d been teleported out of the 1960s, and a gray cardigan sweater. The little man was brandishing a samurai sword, bringing it down again and again on Lazarus in quick snapping motions, but before he could cry out, the Emperor saw that the sword wasn’t even grazing the retriever’s coat. With each stroke one of the cats fell away, beheaded or cut in half, both halves squirming on the pavement. There was no spinning, no wind-up or flourish to the swordsman’s movements, just grim efficiency, like a chef chopping vegetables. As his targets moved, he pivoted and stepped just enough to deliver the cut, then snapped the blade back and sent it to its next destination. The weight and fury removed from his back, Lazarus looked around and whimpered, which translated to: â€Å"Whaaa-?† The swordsman was relentless, step, cut, step, cut. Two cats came at him from under a Volvo and he quickly retreated and swung the sword in a quick, low arc that approximated a golf stroke and sent their heads back over the car to bounce off a metal garage door. â€Å"Behind!† the Emperor warned. But it was too late. The low attack had thrown the swordsman off-a heavy-bodied Siamese cat launched itself from the roof of a van across the street and landed on the little man’s back. The long sword was useless at such close range. The swordsman arched in pain, even as the Siamese clawed its way up his back. He spun, then threw his feet out before him and fell hard on his back, but the Siamese took the impact and dug its fangs into the swordsman’s shoulder. A half-dozen vampire cats came scurrying out from under cars toward the struggling swordsman. Lazarus, his fur matted with blood, caught one of the cats by the haunch and bit to the bone. The cat screamed and squirmed in the retriever’s jaws, trying to claw his eyes. The others fell on the swordsman with fang and claw. The Emperor threw his shoulder against the Plexiglas door of the police cart, but there was no room to move, to gain momentum, and while the entire cart rocked and went up on two wheels under his weight, the door latch would not give. He watched in horror as the swordsman writhed under his attackers. The Emperor heard a steel fire door hitting brick and light spilled across the sidewalk and into the street. Out of the doorway ran a thin, impossibly pale girl with lavender pigtails wearing pink motocross boots, pink fishnet stockings, a green plastic skirt, wraparound sunglasses, and a black leather jacket that looked studded with glass. Before he could warn her, the girl ran into the street and shouted, â€Å"You motherfucking kitties need to step the fuck off!† The vampire cats attacking the swordsman looked up and hissed, which translated from vampire cat, meant: â€Å"Whaaa-?† She ran right at the swordsman, waving her arms as if shooing birds or trying to dry some particularly stubborn nail polish and screaming like a madwoman. The cats turned their attention to her, and were crouching, readying to leap, when her jacket lit up like the sun. There was a collective screech of agony from the vampire cats as all around the street, cats and cat parts smoked, then ignited. Burning cats made for the alley across the street or tried to hide under cars, but the thin girl ran after them, darting here and there, until each ignited, then burned and reduced itself first to a bubbling puddle of fur and goo, and finally, a pile of fine ash. In less than a minute, the street was quiet again. The lights on the girl’s jacket went dark. The swordsman climbed to his feet and fitted his orange porkpie hat back on his head. He was bleeding from spots on his back and arms, and there was blood on his plaid pants and orange socks, but whether it was his or the cats’ was impossible to tell. He stood before the thin girl and bowed deeply. â€Å"Domo arigato,† he said, keeping his eyes at her feet. â€Å"Dozo,† said the girl. â€Å"Your kitty-slaying skills are, if I may say so, the shit.† The swordsman bowed again, short and shallow, then turned and trotted across the street, down the alley, and out of sight. Lazarus was digging at the Plexiglas door of the police cart with the pads of his paws, as if he might polish his way through to release his master. Abby scratched his nose, nearly the only part of him not covered in blood, and opened the door. â€Å"Hey,† she said. â€Å"Hey,† said the Emperor. He stepped out of the cart and looked around. The street was painted with blood for half a block, punctuated by piles of ash and the occasional charred flea collar. Parked cars were sprayed in red mist, even the security lights above several fire doors were speckled with gore. Acrid smoke from burning cats hung low in the air, and on the sidewalk greasy gray ash spilled out of the sleeves and collar of the parking officer’s uniform. â€Å"Well, you don’t see that every day,† said the Emperor, as a police cruiser rounded the corner, the red and blue lights raking the building. The cruiser stopped and doors flew open. The driver stood behind his door, his hand on his gun. â€Å"What’s going on here?† he said, trying to keep his eyes on the Emperor and not look at the carnage that surrounded them. â€Å"Nothing,† Abby said. How to cite Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 3, Essay examples

Computing and Learning Towards Interactive †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Computing and Learning Towards Interactive. Answer: Introduction In todays organizational life, decision making is perceived as a continuation of the mans systematic ways of looking for guidance from the stars and unforeseen powers (Koksalan et al., 2013).Sometimes back, Chester Barnard who, a retired telephone executive and author of The Functions of Executive used the term decision making from the Lexicon of Public Administration into the world of business and started replacing the descriptors such as resource allocation and policy making. With the introduction of the phrase, managers changed their way of thinking and spurred on the new crispness of actions desiring for conclusiveness (Vaiman et al., 2012). According to William Starbuck, a professor in residence at the University of Oregons Charles, policy making is a continuous process that needs constant allocation of resources; therefore, decisions imply the end of deliberations and the beginning of the actions as Albert Camus, concludes that life is the sum of all our choices. The study of d ecision-making by some intellectuals and disciplines all finds that every decision have ultimate influence on our behaviors. Therefore more research has been accomplished to help the current managers on how to make decisions. A decision is a conscious choice to behave in a set particular way in a given circumstance either formally or informally. The formal decisions are the more relative, non-routine, complex and non-repetitive since the procedure used does not always exist while the informal decisions tend to be repetitive and have a nature of routine since there is an existence of the systems used (Asemi et al., 2011). Decision making has received different definitions according to different philosophers and researchers such as Mintzberg Henry, James Stoner, and Peter Drucker. According to James Stroner, decision-making is a process of identifying and selecting a suitable course of actions to solve a particular problem. By following these steps, one can make more deliberate thoughtful decisions by organizing the relevant informations and defining options. According to James Stoner, the decision-making has three components which are the alternatives, the choices and the problem (Damnjanovic Jankovic, 20 14). According to Peter Drucker, decision-making is a process whereby an individual performs a conclusion about a situation following a course of behaviors that must be done. According to Henry Mintzberg, decision making is the process of diagnosing a problem, identifying possible solutions, evaluating on the best and the making the action (Cooper et al., 2014). Decision making is critical for every organizational management as it tends to differentiate a real manager form a non-manager as decisions are always required in planning, controlling and organizing (Cui, 2015). According to all these three authors, it is evident that decision-making is a process followed by an individual to arrive at the best solution for a particular problem. Decisions are made in accordance to different kinds of situations such as; Decisions on Whether, Decisions on Which and Conditional or Contingent Decisions. Decisions on Whether, involves a yes or no instances; a situation whereby the individual has only two fixed choices to make ( Cooper et al., 2014). A Decision on Which means a situation where an individual has more than two options to make hence picking on the best alternative while the Conditional decisions are always as a result of already made conditions hence making it easier for the action. A great number of individual faces imperfectability of making decisions, due to ignorance of the models, strategies, approaches and techniques required for the process, therefore, several models and approaches have been made by several theorists to achieve them (Del Messier et al., 2011). Decision theory is the study of the reasoning underlying individual choices classified into two branches; that are normative decision theory which gives the best advises to arrive at the best solution (Damnjanovic Jankovic, 2014). The theory aims at finding the tools, methodologies, and software to assist individuals to make better decisions while the descriptive decision-making theory aims at analyzing how the existing, possibly irrational people make their best choices. In short, the normative theory explains how decisions should be made while the descriptive theory explains how to make decisions. There have been other several theories that have been developed and implemented in many organization s that are believed to be mathematical, such as casual, evidential, game and Bayesian theories (Salama, 2015). The causal theory, according to Immanuel Kant, is an old one that adopts the principle of rational choice that implies that every outcome is as a result of the type of the made decisions. Game theory is a mathematical study of strategic decision-making as it takes into the account the conflict and cooperation between decision-makers and the reasonable rationale. Evidential decision theory believes that the best option is always the best outcome of the irrational thinking while the Bayesian theory that adopts the probability aspects and logical reasoning in making decisions. Different decision-making theories can also be viewable through analyzing different approaches and procedures that are involved. The main approaches that are involved include authoritarian, group and automating system. The authoritarian approach is where an individual or a leader makes a decision based on personal knowledge and experience and later communicate the decisions to the subordinate to follow (Margalit, 2011). The leader's vision is transmitted into the minds of the subordinates and carefully supervised to complete the tasks. According to Douglas McGregors theory X, leaders are supposed to coerce and control followers to accomplish the organization's objectives. The approach is characterizable by a downward one-way communication from the leaders, presence set rules and procedures, leaders always dominate the interaction, and obedient behaviors are rewardable while erroneous actions are punishable. The authoritarian approach of decision-making is best when the available time for the decision is limited since the leader does not have to consult, or rather have a concession; however, it is disadvantaged with leadership lack of creativity in problem-solving. The group decision is also known as the collaborative approach where individuals faced with a problem collectively make a unanimous choice (Xu, 2011). The approach aims at making the best choices by analyzing the available alternatives to fit a specified objective. Unlike in the authoritarian approach where the leader spends less time in making a decision and more time in communicating the decisions to the subordinates, the group approach, the leaders tend to spend more time in analysis of choice and it no longer attributable to any individual. The process is characterized by participatory by all members without any form of discriminatory and sharing of the leadership roles. The decision-making process requires the group to follow a detailed process staring with the brainstorming of ideas by the group members. The brainstorming session is usually unstructured as many ideas, questions from the members are raised to make proper understanding of the problem through the facilitator. The second stage is the dialectical inquiry, a technique that focuses on ensuring that all the alternatives are considerable through dividing the group members into two sides, those that support from those that oppose. The two members give out their views on that particular decision to be made after the debate. The third stage is the nominal group technique, whereby each group member is required to compose a comprehensive list of the ideas on the proposed alternatives in writing and the after clarifications verbally communicated.An automating system approach is an automated approach to computers used for administrative purposes such as in calculating payments following a set form ula. According to Mintzberg decision-making strategy, the organization structure and management roles are being broken down to promote a clear understanding of the organization. It provides the functions of decisions in the management (Eastwood et al., 2011).According to Peter Drucker, the decision-making process has to follow the detailed process to be effective on the problem. Peter Drucker, states the following steps; problem clarification whereby, a problem is perceived to be falling under two categories that are generic and unique. In the generic, there are set rules since there is an experience of the problem while unique classification insists that each problem is treated individually. The second stage is problem definition whereby an individual work out what the situation is all about and adequately states the key issues. The third stage is the problem specification, whereby the decision maker defines the type of the choice that needs accomplishments. According to Drucker, the wro ng decision is not always a bad issue, but the continued changes of the set minimal goals during the decision-making process. The fourth step is making the best choice, a choice that meets all the set minimal goals from the alternatives that are available after critical analysis. The fifth step is the process of converting the choice made into action by describing all the responsibilities to be undertaken for the implementation after which the decision maker awaits the feedback of the process. Other strategies are optimizing whereby the decision maker select the best option among the listed alternatives in consideration of the time, limit, cost of other alternatives and the resource availability(Tofun, 2014). The satisficing strategy gives the first choice to the more satisfactory alternative rather than the best. The word satisficing is from two words, satisfy and sufficient to consider in any choice. Maximax strategy is where the decision maker maximizes on the maximums as the choice made is an alternative with maximum profits. The strategy is also referred as optimist decision-making strategy as the favorable outcome expected, and potentials are the most aspects of concern. The strategy mostly applies when risk is acceptable, and there is failure toleration. The maximin strategy is considered to be that of pessimists as it chooses the worst outcome of all alternatives since it chooses the one with the highest minimum. The strategy is always expensive, and failure tolera ted. Decisions have been viewed as the individuals prerogative, as the information used, the logic used are always in mind. For successive decision-making, leaders have to go through specific process and techniques (Alvino Franco, 2017). These are; decision tree that uses graphic format since human eye finds it easy to make decisions tree. The evaluation at each node and each node represents alternatives. The consultations technique is the most common in most of the organizations as the decision maker, or the manager takes the views of potential stakeholders, by asking the right questions to get the right answers. The experience technique is considered to be the best teacher as the evaluation and choices made follows the past situations. However, a proper analysis should always be done in every situation since the present particular situations might not conform to the past choices resulting in entirely different results. The cost-benefiting analysis technique is a systematic way to deter mine the benefits and the costs of the perceived decision rather than the risks that might be attached (Su et al., 2014). The simulation technique is a scientific tool used the real world process whereby there is no past knowledge on a particular issue. It entails the optimization, testing, education and safety engineering. Bad decisions always result when an individual overrides the senses and make a choice on a poor alternative (Drucker, 2015). As a result of lack of the sufficient number of options, inadequate information, a limited time frame for proper analysis, ignorance of evaluation techniques, uncritical acceptance of others judgment and inaccurate forecasting of external influences such as government. Conclusion In conclusion, decision-making is perceivable as a skill that has room for improvement through the use of different models, theories and techniques. The theories are applied depending on the situation, for example, the descriptive theory of decision-making is more difficult to put into practice as it gives biased behavioral l practice that can not conform to the several situations; therefore it is unwise to advise individuals with normative theories. To make a good decision, both the descriptive and normative should use to complement each other. References Alvino, L., Franco, M. (2017). The decision-making process between rationality and emotions. International Journal Of Scientific Research And Management. https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v5i9.18 Asemi, A., Safari, A., Asemi Zavareh, A. (2011). The Role of Management Information System (MIS) and Decision Support System (DSS) for Managers Decision Making Process. International Journal Of Business And Management, 6(7). https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n7p164 Cooper, D., Connolly, T., Kugler, T. (2014). Lay Personality Theories in Interactive Decisions: Strongly Held, Weakly Supported. Journal Of Behavioral Decision Making, 28(3), 201-213. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1842 Cui, Z. (2015). Decision Making in Cross-Functional Teams: The Role of Decision Power*. Decision Sciences, 47(3), 492-523. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/deci.12188 Damnjanovic, K., Jankovic, I. (2014). Normative and descriptive theories of decision making under risk. Theoria, Beograd, 57(4), 25-50. https://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1404025d Del Missier, F., Mntyl, T., Bruin, W. (2011). Decision-making Competence, Executive Functioning, and General Cognitive Abilities. Journal Of Behavioral Decision Making, 25(4), 331-351. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.731 Drucker, P. (2015). Managing for results. [Place of publication not identified]: Routledge. Eastwood, J., Snook, B., Luther, K. (2011). What People Want From Their Professionals: Attitudes Toward Decision-making Strategies. Journal Of Behavioral Decision Making, 25(5), 458-468. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.741 Eastwood, J., Snook, B., Luther, K. (2011). What People Want From Their Professionals: Attitudes Toward Decision-making Strategies. Journal Of Behavioral Decision Making, 25(5), 458-468. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.741 Kksalan, M., Wallenius, J., Zionts, S. (2013). An Early History of Multiple Criteria Decision Making. Journal Of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, 20(1-2), 87-94. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mcda.1481 Margalit, L. (2011). Coercive Approach and Decision Making Models. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1974141 Salama, A. (2015). New Approaches for Decision Making in Information Systems via Decision Diagrams. British Journal Of Mathematics Computer Science, 8(6), 418-432. https://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjmcs/2015/17456 SU, C., LI, H. (2014). Approaches to Affective Computing and Learning towards Interactive Decision Making in Process Control Engineering. Acta Automatica Sinica, 39(5), 617-625. https://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1004.2013.00617 TOFAN, C. (2014). Optimization Techniques of Decision Making - Decision Tree. Advances In Social Sciences Research Journal, 1(5), 142-148. https://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.15.437 Vaiman, V., Scullion, H., Collings, D. (2012). Talent management decision making. Management Decision, 50(5), 925-941. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251741211227663 XU, Z. (2011). APPROACHES TO MULTI-STAGE MULTI-ATTRIBUTE GROUP DECISION MAKING. International Journal Of Information Technology Decision Making, 10(01), 121-146. https://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622011004257

Trade Union Development Essay Example

Trade Union Development Essay Trade Union Development in Jamaica Trinidad Tobago Trade Unionism: Hugh W. Springer ? Trade Unionism is an instrument of social change and progress. It had to be invented because it is a necessary part of the apparatus of democratic government in modern industrial society. In the West Indies the Trade Union Movement came into existence as part of the larger movement for the freedom and independent nationhood. ? Economic Conditions that contributed to Discontentment in the Region ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1st Great Depression late 19th Century Low Wages / Increased mechanisation of processes (affected mostly women) Rising Prices / Rising Cost of Living Increasing Unemployment Underemployment Reduction in Working Hours 1929 Financial Crisis in the USA Other: – – – No Machinery to air grievances Lack of political and legal rights Unsanitary working conditions Role of the Media ? ? ? Dissemination of information that reached the masses (Newspapers) but National Newspaper promoted capitalist interests Audio and Visual information through Radio broadcast and news reels at cinemas Case: A group of intellectuals developed a radical critique that help to shape a new political culture in Trinidad, they did so through – – – – A literary journal called Trinidad The beacon magazine There was also a similar type of vehicle used in Jamaica called the Plain Talk, a Garveyite weekly newspaper edited by Alfred Mendez Public Opinion used by local intellectuals to write letters and articles We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Union Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Union Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Union Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer World Events as well as Social Factors that Contributed to Greater Levels of Consciousness at a Regional Level attacks on the Abyssinians – aroused anti-white feelings among the blacks ? Italian ? The repatriation of Labourers who had gone to Latin America ?Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association which increased class solidarity and the advocacy of Trade Unionism as well as it contributed to the spread of Marxist ideas – workers had taken power and property from the Capitalist ? Russia ? Ex-servicemen returning home after World War 1 Welcome to Jamaica â€Å"Gud feh si yuh† Conditions Unique to Jamaica ? ? ? ? ? Crisis in Banana Production Mass migration in Kingston and St. Andrew Areas (urban) The Radicalisation of Waterfront Workers The influence of Marcus Garvey (who was deported back to JA from the US in1927) The Emergence of Rastafarianism – Leonard Howell Late 19th Century ? ? ? Angry protest broke out in many of the colonies Trade Unions were still illegal At least 16 serious disturbances occurred between 1884-1905 according to Bolland – – Most in Jamaica (1884,1894,1895,1901,1902 1912) Trinidad 1903 Jamaica ? ? ? The largest economy of the region They took the lead in confronting the Colonial Power-Structure Their history of rebellion – – Maroons victory in 1738 Morant Bay Rebellion in 1865 – in which Governor Eyre had to expeditiously abolish the Representative type Government and it found approval with the colonial office – New Constitution introduced – Crown Colony The Representative Type of Government Governors (representing the Imperial Powers) Conflict over power in the system particularly concerning finance Legislators (local vested Interest) Local Crown Colony Structure Resident Governor (Autocratic Power) Executive Council (Policy – making) Legislative Assembly Nominated (majority) / Elected (minority) Jamaica ? Brief Overview – – – Prior to emancipation (during apprenticeship) there was a noticeable trek of wage labour Land acquisition had become popular among former slaves By the 1860s the majority of the labour force comprised of small farmers, peasants, rural (nonstate) labourers and independent semi-skilled tradesman – growing Black Middle Class Jamaica Pre 1930 ? ? ? Between World War I II, there were more vocalising of colonial exploitation and oppression The Mass movement Bedwardism, a quasireligious body of unemployed labourers was becoming popular The movement of Garveyism – philosophy of negritude improvement and denunciation of the white-power regime United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Jamaica Pre 1930 Cont’d ? ? Both Bedwardism Garveyism as Mass Movements suffered from the alienation of the Middle-Class Jamaicans But the Middle Class too was involved in the struggle with several quasi-political nationalist organisations – – – Social Reconstruction League The National Reform Association The Jamaica Progressive League Early Organised Labour ? ? ? Workers at the Kingston Ice Factory went on strike in 1917 and several were imprisoned In 1918 tram and dock workers began organising Several strikes took place in 1918 as a matter of fact a strike among sugar workers resulted in violent police action where 3 people were killed and several others injured Early Organised Labour Con’t ? ? ? In 1919 railway workers formed a ‘union under cover’ called the Workingmen’s Cooperative Association Bain-Alves with the help of Alfred Mends formed the Jamaican federation of Labour (JFL) – a group of small unions The JFL petitioned the Governor for legal and official recognition for Trade Unions, which saw the TU Law became law in Oct. 25th 1919 The Trade Union Law ? ? ? Conferred legal status on registered Trade Unions and protected them from prosecution for conspiracy and unlawful combinations It did not confer immunity for Union and workers from liability of tort or breach of Contract It did not legalise peaceful picketing The strikes and organisation of workers in 1917 1918 provided the necessary pressure that resulted in the legalisation of TUs Post 1930 ? ? ? ? ? Labour protest took place in 1935 along the North Coast although it was peaceful, armed forces were sent One person died, several people injured and several arrests were made In 1936 the Jamaica Workers and Tradesmen Union (JWTU) was formed and lead by A. G. S. Coombs and H. C. Buchanan Hunger marches followed in Kingston and Spanish Town led by L. W. Rose, a shoemaker and by UNIA organiser L. E. Barnett In 1937 there was a middle class reform – the National Reform Association (NRA) – Noel Nethersole (President); Ken Hill (Secretary) and F. A. Glasspole – they had formed a radical, socially active network Post 1930 Cont’d ? ? ? ? Manley’s Jamaicans’ Labour Party was launched in April 1937 Manley had won the trust of the Colonial Officials He had refused to run for elections as well as to become the president of the NRA saying that the problems in Jamaica were social and economic not political So up to 1938 the two most serious attempts to organize working people were the JWTU and the Poor Man’s Improvement Land Settlement and Labour Association (PMILSLA) William Alexander Bustamante ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Opportunitist or Hero of the Working class? While Coombs and Buchanan were financially pressed in an attempt to organize workers into the JWTU, they accepted assistance from Bustamante, who was a money lender He became the Union’s Treasurer in 1936 He went to Cuba at the age of 21, then moved to Panama a few years later before moving back to Cuba In 1928 he tried a dairy business in Jamaica but by 1932 he was in New York calling himself Alejandro Bustamanti In 1934 he finally returned to Jamaica He became a prolific writer of letters to the press and in 1936 was speaking at meetings, thus gaining popularity Bustamante challenged Coombs for the leadership of the JWTU but Coombs resigned before it could officially happened Bustamante after facing opposition from Coombs supporters quitted from the Union April June 1938 ? ? ? ? ? According to Bolland – first was the riot and strike at Frome Estate in Westmoreland between April 29th – May 2nd Protest, Strikes and uprising in Kingston between May 2nd – M ay 28th Mainly Dock workers Many Demonstrations, Riots and ‘Rolling Strikes’ throughout the Island between May 23rd – June 11th All of which were confronted by the armed forces Bustamante and Grant were charged with Sedition, inciting people to assemble unlawfully and refusing to move on when ordered to and taken to jail Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? With the incarceration of the two Manley took a more prominent role using the ame strategy as Bustamante as a mediator opposed to trade union leader A state of emergency was declared By this time Bustamante was becoming a martyr and Hart and Buchanan did not want workers to return to work until Bustamante and Grant were released The Dock workers also did not want Manley’s advice In essence, Manley’s role as mediator was accepted by the Government and Employers but was rejected by the Waterfront workers This laid the foundation for the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU) according to Bolland The Governor appointed a board of conciliation In response Manley announced the creation of a Labour Committee which was the foundation of the Labour Party in Jamaica (political strategy) Hart and Buchanan cooperated with the committee Cont’d ? ? ? Manley was instrumental in the release of Bustamante on May 28th 1938 who was greeted by a large crowd but he claimed credit for doing better than Manley in terms of negotiating increases on their behalf Because of this impression created by Bustamante he was able to get workers to return to work Both cousins then worked with the Conciliation Board to settle other claims before it Rebellions after the Release of Bustamante ? ? ? ? ? ? On May 30 Mandeville in Manchester was full of demonstrations Roads were blocked and telephone wires cut in Santa Cruz and Black River in St Elizabeth Banana workers were on strike in St Mary, St Cathrine and Portland The strike at Prospect Estate in Hanover and Islington on June 2nd and 3rd respectively Several people were killed and more injured Both Bustamante and Manley travelled around the country trying to get strikers to accept offers made to them as they saw the bigger problem being unemployment Aftermath ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The state intervened with a land settlement scheme, tools, seeds, etc According to the Commissioner’s report eight people were killed, scores injured both law enforcers and civilians and over four hundred person were convicted and given punishments Rivalry emerged between the two cousins Manley founded the Peoples National Party (PNP) British Fabian Socialism in September 1938 Nationalistic An autocratic style of leadership was developed by Bustamante Bustamante registered his Union on 23rd January 1939 – Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU) labouristic The rules constituted him as president for life and gave him power to control its funds and to appoint a committee of Management – authoritarian style of leadership Disunity ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Within the Trade Union Movement itself there was a rivalry between Bustamante (President of BITU) and Coombs (President of JWTU) The BITU was growing rapidly and leaders from the JWTU were changing alliances But the JWTU remained popular among the banana and dock workers in St James After a worker who was also a member of the JWTU told Grant (BITU) his union is not wanted there an altercation ensued Bustamante then called an Islandwide strike Some workers heeded to the call and as a result a State of Emergency was issued The strike was a major failure and blow to the TU movement Disunity Cont’d ? ? ? Bustamante broke the truce and broke away from the Trade Union Advisory Council Protection from state for â€Å"strike breakers† Despite the evidence of need for unity the movements remained divided Analysis of the Rebellion ? Locality – – Rural interest in land ownership Urban – more proletarianised ? ? ? Relations between Capital and Labour Levels of consciousness and organization of workers Known contradictions by the state Impact of the Rebellion in Jamaica ? ? ? ? ? ? It provided an experience in labour politics that irreversibly changed the colony’s political culture It wrung several concessions from the colonial government Bustamante and Manley were promoted to the status of Leaders of the Labour and Nationalist Movement Appointment of a board of Conciliation – to settle labour disputes and make recommendations to relieve unemployment this was also an indication of acceptance for negotiation between employees and employers Changes were made in the Jamaica’s Constitution in 1944 where the British-style Westminster Model was adopted The achievement of Universal Suffrage in 1944 Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? Bustamante was arrested from September 8th 1940 to 8th February 1942 Manley and the PNP’s left stepped in to revive the BITU There was a call from the PNP’s left wing for unity between the movements based on race and class consciousness which contributed to the growth of the anti-colonial and nationalist mov ement The PNP headed by Manley advocated for constitutional reform by demanding a Bicameral legislature. Manley was also in favour of a Federation After Bustamante’s release the coalition was solidified between the BITU and the PNP with the mandate of changing the government but this collaboration was brief and ended in February 1942 Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? ? Despite the truce to keep the peace strikes broke out in St Thomas in 1940 (sugar workers) Leaders started demanding the publication of the Moyne Commission Report All strikes failed In 1942 there was an imposing of several restrictions through legislation again – Defence Projects and Essential Services (Trade Disputes) order Mid-1942 Jamaica was in serious crisis – increased unemployment The Citizens Emergency Council (CEC) was formed in May 1942 and included groups such as JTUC, JUWU, UNIA, FCA, Jamaica Union of Teachers as well as the Capitalist Association Jamaica in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? ? Henry and several other union activists lost their jobs on the railway and as a result they started to organise government workers Richards moved to have the unions not recognised as he saw potential danger for the transport system The Authorized Associations (Government Departments) (Defence) Regulation was passed to make it impossible for non-government employees to lead unions as it forbid membership of persons who were not government employees The GREU in particular cabled Citrine to intervene and Manley filed for an injunction against the Governor The 4Hs were detained under the same regulation but eventual the British government revoked it and restored the right for government employees to select their own officials These efforts however did not equate into similar numbers as the BITU base Manley / PNP / NWU’s Operations ? ? ? ? Manley’s PNP contributed to the constitutional change towards self-government in 1943 Aimed at uniting all the classes in Jamaica The PNP ’s policy was formally socialist Manley expelled the â€Å"4 Hs† in 1952 and formed the National Workers Unions (NWU) which was largely responsible for his victory in the 1955 elections Bustamante / BITU / JLP ? ? ? ? ? ? Bustamante did not really campaign for constitutional reform but was priming himself for the opportunity when it came through the formation of the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) Instead the JLP advocated a conservative reformist policy which aimed to narrow the socio-economic gap JLP was supported by the old propertied elite In essence there was the formation of an alliance between the leading labour leader and the leading capitalist The BITU won elections in 1946 and as Minister of Communications became a source of additional power and as a promotional opportunity The BITU also expanded its power through closed shop agreements and took a law order stance in dealing with IA Violent Clashes Between the BITU/JLP PNP/NWU ? ? On October 20th 1947 – at Trench Pen left several BITU/JLP members dead and wounded PNP Supporter – J. Nicholas after being threatened by the BITU gang shot and killed Clifford Reid Jamaica Conclusion ? ? The evolution of self-government weakened the abi lity of organised labour to influence class structure and class relations Political reforms created competitions within the labour movement at the expense of meaningful social change Trinidad and Tobago An Overview ? ? ? ? ? ? Slavery had lasted a relatively short period of time in T compared to Jamaica and other Islands The Building up of the Mass Movement was much slower because there was no common base upon which that spirit of national consciousness could have been forged Middle class support however, was quicker and forthcoming The earliest and longest lasting organisation of working people in the British Caribbean was the Trinidad Workingmen’s Association (TWA) – 1897 – it had two divisions TWA was involved in Political reform than it was in Trade Unionism By WWI there was no organisation devoted to the rank-andfile workers’ T Pre 1930 ? ? ? The general social system mirror that of the UK In the 1830s in the UK Trade Unions had not been fully established It was only in the latter half of the 19th Century that the legislative and institutional framework was attaining that stage of development which would enable a free labour movement to emerge T Pre 1930 Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? In 1917 workers in oil and asphalt industries were involved in serious disturbances The strikes had all failed Strikers were arrested and some were given prison sentences The TWA by 1919 became the main agency for collective political and industrial action Although still illegal organised Labour was clearly progressing Three Main Sectors ? ? Sugar Cocoa †¢Prices depressed due to drop in world prices in early 1920s (2nd Great Depression) †¢ mechanisation of the production processes – increased unemployment ? Oil – although substantial profits workers earned little T Post 1930 ? ? ? ? New radical leadership started to develop Politically motivated militant groups began to agitate and organise workers including the unemployed TWA had become less effective and united as an organisation A rival organisation called the Trinidad and Tobago Trade Union centre was formed and gained popularity in the 1930s T Post 1930 Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? The Trade Union Ordinance came into being in 1932 It made Trade Unions legal However it did not legalise peaceful picketing and provided immunity for them from legal actions for damages arising out of strike actions In 1934 however, Butler did not register a Trade Union instead it was a political party named Trinidad Labour Party (TLP) There was increasing dissatisfaction within the TWA/TLP over Cipriani’s authoritarian leadership T Post 1930 Cont’d ? ? ? A series of hunger marches and demonstrations were taking place between 1933-1935 Several new organisations were formed and they attacked Cipriani’s leadership of the Labour movement, mobilised workers and initiated new, radical labour politics In fact there was a hunger march to the Governor in the Red House in June 1933 T Post 1930 Cont’d ? ? In 1934 the National Unemployment Movement formed by Elma Francois, Jim Barrette and Jim Headley who organised demonstrations that spread like wildfire through the country By 1935 the NUM had transformed itself into an organisation with more broadly defined goals but narrower social base, the Negro Welfare Cultural and Social Association (NWCSA) T 1935 – Activities that paved the way for the Labour Riots of 1937 ? ? ? ? ? ? Apex Oilfields went on strike During a hungry march to POS organised by Butler and Rojas they were stopped by police and Cipriani This event marked the start of Butler’s rise as a labour leader in the oilfields of southern Trinidad Links were also made between Butler and NWCSA The Trinidad Citizens’ League (TCL) founded by Adrian Cola Rienzi who was crazed about Indian nationalism and world socialism Butler and Rojas were a part of the TCL as well 1936 ? ? ? Butler started his party called the British Empire Workers and Citizens Home Rule Party (BEWCHRP) He declared himself â€Å"Chief Servant† He was not a revolutionary but a traditional leader according to Bolland†¦. he had socialist and anti-imperialist ideas like Rienzi and NWCSA who really provided leadership direction and organisation for the emergence of Trade Unions Where there Employers Organisations all the while? ? Yes T 1937 ? ? ? Poor working conditions fuelled labour riots and strikes from June 1937 Tubal Uriah Butler had become the catalyst that was needed for industrial action in the oil districts Butler and his organisers planned peaceful (sit-down) strikes restricted to the Oil Industry June 1937 ? ? ? The strikes were carded for June 22nd but due to information from the armed forces it was brought forward to June 18th It was an island-wide labour Crisis that involved all industries including Tobago Few people died including a police officer and several were injured This will take us to Charlie King Junction State Intervention ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The Governor came up with a double policy of ‘conciliation’ and ‘repression’ He announced that he would seek a settlement ‘which will be fair to employers and employees alike’ A State of Emergency was declared on June 26th A committee of the Executive Council was appointed to hear the workers’ grievances and seek reconciliation The Governor proposed new rates (minimum wages) for Government Workers Oil companies agreed to raise the minimum wage and shorten working hours A commission of inquiry was also launched into the disturbances Collective Bargaining ? On July 25th 1937 a committee of oil workers publicly announce their intention for a union to conduct negotiations via the process of Collective Bargaining The fact that Trinidad had become the British empire’s largest producer of oil ‘was an important determinant of imperial policy towards the labour disturbances’ By the end of 1937†¦.. ? Six Unions had gained o fficial recognition from the colonial government, they were: – – – – – – Amalgamated Building Wood Workers Trade Union – 1st to register Oilfield Workers Trade Union (OWTU) All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Trade Union Federated Workers Trade Union Seamen Waterfront Workers Trade Union Public Works Workers Trade Union The Colonial Government in T ? ? ? ? Governor Fletcher admittedly expressed concern over the extremely low wages paid to workers especially in the sugar and oil industries Nankivell, the colonial secretary was even more outspoken, he pointed out that the cost of living was increasing and the Government’s revenue increased as industries prospered while workers situation had continued to get worse They displayed a more humane view of workers than Employers But it was short lived as pressure from the capital class amounted and Fletcher opted to strengthens laws at the detriment of Trade Unions Impact of the Rebellion in T ? ? ? The commission recommended – the creation of a labour department – the appointment of a labour officer to act as mediator and arbitrator between employer and employees – The establishment of an Industrial Court – An amendment to the workers’ compensation law to include agricultural labourers On the other hand however laws were passed to strengthen sedition, restrain public meeting and public speakers and they also made illegal for more than ten persons to gather in public These represented Labour, legislative and Political reforms and employee rights such as the right to negotiate and air grievances Impact Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? Development of an organised advanced labour movement between 1937 and 1939 Universal suffrage Uniting of races to put forward a class struggle Rienzi established the Committee of Industrial Organisation (CIO) which was a precursor to the TTTUC which formed in 1939 Proliferation of labour r ights as human Rights issues But these civil/human rights did not address the discrimination of women in Labour According to Bolland ? â€Å"The salience of race and class, and their relationship to the structure and fluctuating fortunes of the economy, were central to the emergence of the Labour movement in Trinidad† Industrial Action at its Best ? ? ? ? ? ? Clement Payne referred to a strike put on by women working in a garment factory who were demanding increased wages and better living conditions when negotiations broke down in 1939 After a week of strike other workers from other factories joined in, in sympathy Conciliation had failed Other Unions pledged assistance and supported a boycott of all the stores displaying the clothing Although the employers tried to break the strike by using strike breakers, it did not work They gained 12% wage increase, an eight hour day, 2 weeks annual vacation, protective clothing a system of shop-floor representation Further Organization ? ? ? The OWTU was represented by Rienzi and Mentor at the 2nd Guianese and West Indian Labour Conference in British Guiana The Trinidad and Tobago Trades Union Council was formed in March 1939 and was modelled after the British TUC Scholarships were made available from the British TUC for Trade Unionists to study abroad Moyne Commission (1938 – 1939) Recomme ndations ? ? ? ? ? ? The enactment of laws to protect trade unions from actions for damages consequent on strikes; legalisation of peaceful picketing; compulsory registration of Trade Unions; and audit of their funds Interim Labour departments /officers to cover the period until Trade Unions can play a decisive role in the regulation of wages and conditions of employment The appointment of a Labour Advisor at the Comptroller of the West Indian Welfare Fund who would maintain close liaison with Labour Officers/Departments The establishment of a Labour Department in the Colonial Office and the appointment of a Labour advisory Committee whose members are experts in Labour and colonial questions The creation of wages boards as a means of fixing wages preferable t legislation The establishment of an Industrial Court for the West Indies Moyne Commission (1938 – 1939) Recommendations ? ? ? ? ? The establishment of unemployment insurance Adequate factory inspection and factory legislation The adoption of a Workmen’s Compensation Scheme based on Canadian practice In the sugar industry – the imposition of welfare levies to finance welfare schemes They also recommended the following : – The appointment of women on all Boards and Local authorities which includes government office, judicial office and public office Butler ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Butler was working class and displayed an authoritarian leadership style On May 6th 1939 Butler was released from Prison He was incorporated into the OWTU Despite a clear procedure to deal with grievances and lack of the Union’s support, Butler urged workers to strike As a result he was expelled from the OWTU in August 1939 Butler continued to stir up unrest in the oil belt and was imprisoned until 1945 and continued to lead his BEWCHRP Butler major supporters were in the southern oil belts and they remained faithful to him so much so that the strike called by him in December 1946 was successful Butler was the only Labour leader that made a genuine attempt to unify the masses and was unwilling to compromise with employers and colonial administrators Disunities in the 1940s ? Divisions in the economy – – Imperial Capitalist (sugar and oil industries) Local Capitalist (cocoa, coconut and food crop sector) Indian Indentured labours African Trinidadians Middle Class leaders (Rienzi) Working class leaders (Butler) ? Divisions in the working c lass – – ? Divisions in the labour – – Sectoral Divisions that hampered an Unified Political Movement Divisions by Race African descent Indian Chinese European There were further divisions in terms of class, place of residence and religion. Political Activities in the 1940s ? ? ? ? ? Rienzi and the OWTU launched the Socialist Party of T (SPTT) in March 1941 There were some minor constitutional changes where the number of electives on the legislative council was increased from seven to nine and the number of electives on the executive council was increased to two Chief officers of the OWTU were also members of the TTTUC and in 1943 they advocated for Rienzi’s elevation to the EC This caused Gomes, Pitt and Joseph of the San Fernando Borough to turn against him In November of 1943 Rienzi’s SPTT nominees were defeated in the San Fernando Borough elections Political Activities in the 1940s Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? ? Soon after Pitt and Joseph formed the rival WINP (early 1942) The franchise committee put forward a report but Rienzi had a minority position which was supported by the Governor In February 1944 Rienzi was offered the position of acting Second Crown Council in the Colonial Service, a position he accepted and Rojas succeeded him at the OWTU In 1944 the EC increased to four but the Governor still was not obligated to go on the advise of this council In 1944 there was also the adoption of universal suffrage for all adults over 21 but candidates for election had to be literate in English, with an income not less than $960/yr or property valued at least $5,000. 00 Cipriani died in 1945 Political Activities in the 1940s Cont’d ? ? ? ? ? ? Elections were held on July 1st 1946 by this time Rienzi also exited the political arena In light of these two major losses to the political world new ambitions blossomed, the WINP although formed in 1942 became more active in 1944 and gained the support of the FWTU. In WINP was later converted into the United Front (UF) Some of the TLP leader left the organization and formed the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) both of which had no success in this election Three seats were won each to the UF and BEWCHRP, the SPTT won two and one to an independent candidate The major leaders failed to secure a win There was no self-government at this time Unrest in 1947-1949 ? ? ? ? ? ? The Public Works Union (PWU) called a strike in Port of Spain on January 8th 1947 App. 1200 of Butler’s supporters staged a protest march in through the capital Sugar Workers led by Ranjit Kumar who opposed the Sugar Workers Union went on strike on May 5th 1947 OWTU admitted that the influx of Butlerites strengthened the Union in terms of militancy and size On April 28th 1949 Butler petitioned the Colonial Secretary in the UK and several of his supported protested against the new constitution which allowed for 8 of the 26 seated not to be elected On May Day the TTTUC held a demonstration in San Fernando and Butlers Party held one in Port of Spain Elections 1950 and beyond ? ? ? ? ? ? Elections 18th September 1950 Out of the 18 seats contested Butler’s Party – BEWCHRP won six seats The Trinidad Labour Party (TLP) and Political Progress Group (PPG) won two each, the Caribbean Socialist Party (CSP) won one and the other seven were won by independents, Gomes was the only other leader to be elected Two of the independents joined with the BEWCHRP and thus formed the largest group in the legislature (8 seats) Butler and his members were bypassed for a position of the Executive Council although he deserved it Butler attempted elections again in 1956 but was defeated by Eric Williams and the People’s National Movement (PNM) Industrial Stabilization Act 1965 ? During the early 1960s the industrial relations climate in Trinidad and Tobago was tense. There was an increasing number of strikes and labour disputes which threatened the economic growth and productivity of the country ? ? As a result the Industrial Stabilisation Act, 1965, was enacted Later re pealed and replaced by the Industrial Relations Act , 1972, Chapter 88:01 Industrial Relations Act 1972 ? ? An Act to make better provision for

How to Get Rid of Fleas in Your Home

How to Get Rid of Fleas in Your Home If you’re an experienced pet owner, you know that where theres one flea, there are undoubtedly more. Effective flea control requires treatment of both the pet and the home, including the use of products that address the entire flea life cycle. That will require treating your pet and cleaning your home thoroughly, perhaps more than once.   The Life of a Flea There are many flea species, but the most common one in the United States is  Ctenocephalides felix, commonly known as the cat flea. These parasites thrive off the blood of mammals like cats, dogs, even humans. They love warm, moist places, and they breed like crazy, which is what can make infestations so serious.   Fleas go through four stages in their life cycle: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Eggs hatch within 12 days of being laid. The larval stage lasts from four to 18 days. During this time, they feed on things like dead skin cells and dander, but they dont bite like adults do. Flea larvae next enter a pupal stage and lie dormant for anywhere from three to five day. Its the adult fleas that are the true pests. Theyre hungry and bite their hosts in order to feed off the blood they draw. Theyre also mobile, capable of leaping from host to host. And theyre prolific. An adult female can begin laying eggs within 48 hours of her first meal, on average 50 eggs a day. And fleas can live for two or three months, breeding until the end. Treating Pets To stop fleas, you need to break their life cycle, which means eliminating the eggs, the larvae, and the adults. Since your pet is the most likely host, start there. Begin by consulting your veterinarian, who can recommend a course of treatment based on your pets health and living situation. Many vets suggest topical products, often called spot-on treatments, or oral treatments. Popular treatments include Frontline Plus, Advantage, Program, and Capstar. These products are usually applied or administered monthly or every few months, and most require a prescription. Its worth pointing out that a small number of pets have an allergic reaction to these treatments, which can be fatal if not treated immediately. The Humane Society of the United States offers safety tips for using flea treatments on its website. Your vet may also suggest bathing your pet with an anti-flea shampoo to kill fleas living on your pets body, followed by a thorough combing with a flea comb to catch any remaining pests. But fleas can be persistent. If your pet goes outdoors, it can pick up new fleas. Likewise, your pet will become reinfested if you dont also treat your home. Cleaning Your Home Remember, the flea eggs drop off your pet. Flea larvae dont feed on blood; they can find everything they need to live in your carpet. After you treat your pet with an approved flea-control product, you need to get rid of the fleas in your carpet and on your furniture. Otherwise, the flea eggs will keep hatching, and you will be fighting a perpetual infestation of hungry fleas. If you act as soon as you notice Fido scratching, you may only need a vacuum and a washing machine for this step. Mild flea infestations can often be managed with some persistent housework. Concentrate your efforts on the areas of your home where your pet spends the most time.   Wash pet bedding, toys, blankets, linens, and throw rugs in hot water. Anything your pet has been on or near that can fit in the washing machine should be laundered. Use the hottest water possible.Vacuum carpets thoroughly. If possible, use a vacuum with a beater bar, as these do a better job of moving the carpet pile and getting to the flea eggs and larvae deep within the rug. Make sure you pick up any clutter; dont just vacuum it. Also, move the furniture and vacuum underneath. Some people recommend putting a flea collar inside the vacuum bag to kill the fleas once youve collected them.Vacuum upholstered furniture. Even if you dont think your pets climb on your furniture, they are. There are probably flea eggs hidden in your couch cushions. Vacuum all the cushions, cracks, crevices, and seams carefully. Remove the cushions and vacuum underneath them, too.Throw away the vacuum bag when done. If you dont, the fleas can escape. If you have a bagless vacuum, be sure to empty it immedia tely after sweeping and get the trash out of your house to prevent reinfestation. For bad infestations, you may also need to do a little more cleaning and use an environmental flea treatment: Vacuum baseboards, trim and other places where fleas may still be hiding. If you didnt catch the flea infestation early enough, or in a year when flea populations are higher than usual, you may need to be more thorough with your housekeeping chores. In addition to vacuuming carpets and upholstered furniture, use a crevice tool to remove fleas from under baseboard molding and kitchen cabinets. Look at the places where your pets eat, sleep, and play, and try to find the places where fleas may still be hiding.Apply a pesticide labeled for flea control to infested carpets and furniture. The key is to use the right product, one that contains an insect growth regulator. For flea control, look for spray products that contain methoprene or pyriproxyfen. These products disrupt the flea life cycle, ending the fleas ability to reproduce in your home. Flea Control Options Both chemical and natural products are available. Raid, Vibrac, and Frontline are three popular brands of chemical flea treatments for the home. Foggers can sometimes be effective, but they require very careful handling and use. Youll need to vacate your home for two or three hours while the fogger is on, plus youll need to clean all cooking and food-prep surfaces and utensils afterward. The Environmental Protection Agency has more tips for safe use of foggers on its website. If you want to avoid using harsh chemicals, there are some natural flea-control solutions as well, but they are often less effective. Vets Best and Nature Plus are two natural brands that earn good consumer reviews. You can also try adding a drop or two of essential oil (such as eucalyptus or lavender) to a spray bottle filled with water, then spraying the mixture on pet bedding, furniture, and rugs. Some experts also recommend spreading  diatomaceous earth on rugs, bedding, and furniture, but it can be difficult to vacuum up. Regardless of the product you choose, follow all directions on the label. Do not apply these products to your pet or your skin. Keep pets and children off of treated carpets and furniture for three days, which will allow the treatment time to work, then thoroughly vacuum. Treat Again as Needed If you still find fleas after following the steps above, you may need to do another round of cleaning and vacuuming 14 to 28 days later. If you live in a warm climate where fleas can thrive outdoors year-round, you may also need to have your yard treated. Dont forget to reapply monthly topical flea treatments to your pets and check regularly for fleas. Use a flea comb on your pets. You can purchase a fine-toothed flea comb at your local pet supply store or at your veterinarians office. Comb your cat or dog regularly, and examine the comb for fleas, flea eggs, or flea dirt which may be a sign of flea bites.Use a lint roller on your clothing. After your cat or dog has been on your lap, do a quick check of your clothing with a lint roller. Use the kind that comes with sticky tape, and roll it over your pants and shirt. Check the sticky tape for evidence of fleas. For all but the most severe flea infestations, these steps should get fleas under control. In some cases, such as when a multi-unit apartment building becomes heavily infested with fleas, the services of a professional pest control specialist may be required to eliminate the pests. Sources Crosby, Janet Tobiassen. The Life Cycle of the Flea. TheSpruce.com. 4 April 2017.  Flowers, Amy. Get Rid of Fleas in Your Home, Step by Step. WebMD.com. 18 February 2018.Humane Society of the United States staff. Flea and Tick Product Ingredients. Humanesociety.org.

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

ART - Essay Example As a group we invite others in the community to be health conscious and, more often than not, we get positive results. This group does not only help each of us to be physically fit but also to be more at peace with each other and be united for a common good. 23. Political Ideology is a coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of a government held by groups and individuals. The Conservatives believe that the government is best that governs least; big government can only infringe on individual, personal and economic rights; the Liberals, on the other hand, favor extensive governmental involvement in the economy and the provision of social services and take an activist role in protecting rights of women, elderly, minorities, and the environment; while the Libertarians favor a free-market economy and no governmental interference in personal liberties. 24. Civil Society is a society where citizens are allowed to organize and express their views publicly as they engage in open debate about public policy. This concept has taken on special importance in recent years in places like Iran and Afghanistan who have been ravaged by war and are in the status of rising again as nations freed from tyranny and dictatorship of their former leaders. 25.

Marketing Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Across Cultures - Essay Example With this manipulation of elements, a firm can achieve its objectives in the market that it targets. The elements of the marketing mix are â€Å"product, price, promotion, and place, also referred to as the four Ps† (Bennet, pp. 44, 2009). The firm does not manipulate all of these elements to a significant degree every time it is marketing across cultures. However, the selections of elements, which require manipulation, are only possible in the light of the characteristics of the culture. For this reason, examples, such as the ones stated below, can help to elaborate this fact. The management of the marketing effort is also highly affected by the differences in the cultures of the firm's different target markets. The four functions of the marketing management are analysis, planning, function, and control (Maister, pp. 133, 1997). The degree of importance which management gives to each function is dependent on the characteristics of the market that the firm targets. For example , the characteristics of a market existing in one culture may emphasize the importance of planning above all the other functions, while a market in another culture may necessitate the control function to be the one the firm invests in the most. Again, the true effect of the culture on the marketing management can only be understood through in-depth analysis and examples. According to a case study, which studied international marketing by shedding light on Ikea’s operations in Shanghai, they learned that â€Å"the company must think globally and act locally in hope of building long-term customer relationships and capturing customer value. In marketing decisions, culture does not hold an ultimate status but still calls for due attention as much as other factors, such as the marketing environment and the company’s strategic plan† (Pan, pp. iii, 2005). This is an example of such a case, were marketing across several different cultures has led to a difference in the marketing elements employed, and will thus be useful in understanding the phenomenon.  Similarly, one can deduce that the strategic management that a multinational company does is on a global scale, following the rules it abides by in any part of the world. Whereas the local marketing strategies are designed locally, depending on the target market and culture of the country of operation (Doole and Lowe, pp. 218-225, 2008). Product: One of the elements in the marketing mix, which is majorly affected by the culture to which it is being employed in, is the product itself.

Examining switching costs as a moderator in the relationship between Essay - 1

Examining switching costs as a moderator in the relationship between service personalization, customer satisfaction and customer - Essay Example The customers may get time saving in searching, locating and evaluating the alternatives services providers. They do not need to waste their time on learning. They do not need to spend their efforts, while switching to other vendors. In commercial view, customer loyalty is the key precondition for achieving success in e-business (Reichheld and Schefter 2000). Loyal customers benefit firm, since they bring additional revenues but require little attention from organizations. Loyal customers are more likely to forgive services handicaps and decreased price sensitivity. Committed customers generate positive work-of-mouth to others, enhance firms’ resistance to competition, and decrease the costs of selling. As a result, customer loyalty can be treated as a valuable asset. It is also a major source of sustaining continued profitability and organizational growth (Dick and Basu 1994; Anderson and Mittal 2000). The current state of research provides numerous definitions of custome r loyalty. In general level, customer loyalty defines the features and attitudes that consumers exhibit towards products, services, brands, and advertising messages. Customer loyalty signifies customer's willingness to re-buy, repeat patronage behavior over a period of time and a desire to continue and keep a continued relationship with the service providers (Dick and Basu 1994; Oliver 1999). (Anderson and Srinivasan 2003) described customer loyalty as a customer’s favored or chosen provider that leads them to behave positively toward a service provider with repeat patronage behavior. In general, customer loyalty in literature is conceptualized as a form of attitudinal behaviors in marketing and business (Jacoby and Chestnut 1978; Dick and Basu 1994; Oliver 1999; Casalo, Flavian et al. 2008). From an attitudinal perspective, it includes cognitive loyalty and affective loyalty. The customers want sustained relationships with their service providers. From the viewpoint of behavior, cognitive loyalty is a form of repeated patronage that sets the pattern for repeated purchases. Theoretically, whenever customers identify and choose the product or service they like, which meets their quality and price expectations, they are willing to use this product on a long-term basis; as a result, they are no longer concerned with searching for alternatives and become disinterested in competitive and advertising messages and threats. (Oliver 1999). (Oliver 1999) introduced four stage loyalty model; cognitive loyalty is the first stage, which is essentially about the quality of buying behaviors that are affected by customer’s individual characteristics and the circumstances, in which purchase takes place. Customers cannot be loyal to the brand, unless they have information about it. Loyalty develops when customers have sufficient information to decide that the brand is a preferable choice relative to other alternatives. Brand attitudes can be based on pri or knowledge of the brand or brand experiences. Affective loyalty is the second stage, when customers link their knowledge and experiences about the brand to this very brand. Conative loyalty is the third step. This is a very deep commitment by a customer that would like to